Myelinogeny as Applied to the Study of Behavior

Tilney, Frederick

doi:10.1001/archneurpsyc.1924.02200010004001

Cited by 127 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Although in an early study Tilney and Casamajor (1924) reported that olfaction was absent in their neonatal kittens, observations by several other investigators (see Table 3) agree with the findings of the present study. Furthermore, Kovach and Kling (1 967) considered olfaction indispensable for initiation of suckling in that destruction of the olfactory bulbs suppressed it.…”

Section: Other Sensory Modalitiessupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The pattern of progression in maturation of peripheral as well as of spinal mechanisms of the stretch reflex (Skoglund, 1960), that is from proximal to distal aspects of limbs and from cephalic (forelimbs) to caudal (hindlimbs) areas, also fits well with the topographical course of development of standing and walking reported here. Furthermore, this characteristic time course and topography in the ontogeny of spinal cord functions has an anatomical correlation with myelinization of tracts and nerve fiber density in the spinal gray matter (Langworthy, 1929;Tilney & Casamajor, 1924;Windle, 1930). The relative inefficiency of the stretch reflex could also account for the weak limb tonus found in our younger animals.…”

Section: A Posture Tonus and Gaitmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…According to evidence accumulated up to now (see Tables 1-4), pain, thermal (Hill, 1961 ;Olmstead & Vitlablanca, 1977;Rosenblatt, 1971), tactile (Coronios, 1933;Windle & Griffin, 1931), olfactory, and vestibular senses are present at birth in the kitten although behaviorally identifiable auditory and visual responses appear later. The sense of taste is not present at birth according to Tilney and Casamajor (1924); however, Pfaffmann (1 936) has presented preliminary evidence that a differential response to at least some flavors may be present at birth. Fox (1970) reported that strong crossed extensor reflexes could be demonstrated in the hind limbs of all kittens at birth, in 50% of the subjects at 10-12 days of age, and in none at 17 If: 1 days of age.…”

Section: Other Sensory Modalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neurological development of kittens

Villablanca

Olmstead

1979

Developmental Psychobiology

129

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The neurological development of the kitten was studied from birth to 120 days of age. Three motor features present at birth disappeared within the 1st 45 days of life. The labyrinthine head and body righting reactions were present at birth; the latter matured only by 25 days of age when the air righting reaction (mature by 35 days) started to appear. Limb placing reactions developed progressively with proprioceptive components being present at birth whereas tactile components evolved slowly from early contact lifting to forepaws contact placing (60 days) and narrow plank walking (75 days). Standing and walking were well developed by 45 days. Eye opening occurred at 9.5 days and several eyeblink reactions (including blink to light) were present at birth. Adequate binocular coordination was seen by 47 days. Vision progressed parallel to the clearing of the ocular media which were fairly transparent by 32 days. Visually guided paw placing and the visuopalpebral blink reflex matured later (by 37 and 59 days, respectively). The external auditory canal and pinna were fully developed by 12 and 31 days, respectively; spontaneous and tactile pinna movements were present at birth; orienting to animal and nonanimal sounds was well developed by 6.5 and 18 days, respectively; spatial sound localization was developed by 16 days and differential responding to animal sounds matured by 24.5 days. Somatic responses and olfaction were present at birth but matured further thereafter. Playful interactions between kittens started by 10--15 days and well developed play behavior was seen by 36--40 days. In brief, all neurological functions mature progressively during the 1st 3 postnatal months.

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Section: Other Sensory Modalitiessupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: A Posture Tonus and Gaitmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Other Sensory Modalitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neurological development of kittens

Villablanca

Olmstead

1979

Developmental Psychobiology

129

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“…We know little about the relative sensory acuity to thermal and olfactory stimuli possessed by kittens nor can we specify for the olfactory stimuli used by kittens in orienting to the home their discriminability relative to the thermal gradient which we were able to measure. Because the kitten's thermal and olfactory sensory equipment are functional at birth (Tilney & Casamajor, 1924;Shuleikina-Turpayeva, 1968) and because the nasal region is the focus of sensory input for both sensory systems (i.e., thermal receptors are heavily concentrated around the lips and nasal region in the adult cat (Kenshalo, Hensel, Graziadei, & Fruhstorfer, 1971), they were exposed simultaneously both to the thermal and olfactory properties of the floor surface in front of the kitten when it moved its head in a characteristic side-to-side motion as it crawled or pivoted in place.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The interrelationship between thermal and olfactory stimulation in the development of home orientation in newborn kittens

Freeman

Rosenblatt

1978

Developmental Psychobiology

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The presence of a thermal gradient in the home cage and its use in home orientation was studied in kittens from shortly after birth to 2 weeks. Responses on a thermal gradient outside the home cage were also studied. With the home region and a freshly washed cage floor either cooled or warmer, kittens were placed in the adjacent corner or the home. In one study kittens chose between a cooled home and a warmed diagonal region. On a thermal gradient kittens exhibited thermotaxic turning and thermokinetic response. Kittens initially used either thermal or olfactory cues to reach the home but began to use only olfactory cues towards the end of the 1st week. Similarly, warmth in the home region caused "settling" during the 1st week but thereafter warmth and olfactory cues were most effective. Kittens chose the cooled home region more often than the warmed diagonal corner responding to olfactory over thermal cues.

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“…tion ( TILNEY andCASAMAJOR 1924, LANGWORTHY 1929). I t is above all the postnatal development of the motor systems that has been used for these correlations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Postnatal Development of Postural Mechanisms as Revealed by Electromyography and Myography in Decerebrate Kittens

Skoglund¹

1960

Acta Physiologica Scandinavica

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The present paper is one in a series of studies on the postnatal development of postural reflex activity in the kitten. Its aim is to investigate the reactions to decerebration and additional ablation of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum in these animals from birth until they are able to walk and stand. An attempt was made by electromyography and myography to trace the mechanisms behind the different reactions. It is shown that alpha rigidity is present in the newborn kitten while gamma rigidity develops later, appearing first in the forelimbs around a fortnight after birth and in the hindlimbs after three weeks. The missing gamma rigidity in the newborn animal is readily explained by the observation that no tonic stretch reflexes, as revealed by electromyography can be obtained from the muscles concerned with decerebrate rigidity. The tonic stretch reflex develops in a proximo‐distal direction in the limbs as revealed by electromyography and is earlier obtained in the alpha than the gamma animal and earlier in the forelimbs than the hindlimbs. This development thus precedes the gamma rigidity which in its development closely follows that of the animal's ability to use its limbs for walking and standing. It also runs in a cranio‐caudal direction.

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Myelinogeny as Applied to the Study of Behavior

Cited by 127 publications

References 4 publications

Neurological development of kittens

Neurological development of kittens

The interrelationship between thermal and olfactory stimulation in the development of home orientation in newborn kittens

On the Postnatal Development of Postural Mechanisms as Revealed by Electromyography and Myography in Decerebrate Kittens

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