Mycotoxins in milk for human nutrition: cow, sheep and human breast milk

Hof, Herbert

doi:10.3205/id000021

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Furthermore, Dias has been identified in cereal grains and items made from cereal. Numerous investigations (Becker‐Algeri et al, 2016 , 2020 ; Hof, 2016 ; Sirma et al, 2018 ; Thukral et al, 2022 ) have demonstrated that aflaM1 and Zear levels were the greater contaminants of milk samples, whereas CPA and ochratoxin levels were the lower contaminants.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins in milk: Occurrence and evaluation of certain detoxification attempts

Youssef

Gammal

Altaie

et al. 2023

Food Science & Nutrition

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Milk contaminated with mycotoxins is a significant issue affecting human health, especially in infants. The current study aimed to investigate the presence of mycotoxins in milk collected from women farmers' vendors (WFV), and to evaluate certain herbal plant fibers as green mycotoxin binders. Moreover, explore the binding efficiency ratios of mycotoxins using shaking or soaking process incorporated with herbal extracts. Furthermore, compare the taste evaluations of tested milk are enriched with herbal extracts. Results indicated that the fumonisins were not detected in the collected cow milk samples but realized a 25% occurrence ratio in buffalo's milk samples. A high occurrence ratio of aflatoxin M1 (aflaM1) was observed in buffalo and cow milk samples. The soaking process of plant fibers in contaminated milk overnight significantly degrades and adsorbs mycotoxins particles. The shacking process incorporated with plant fibers exhibited more effectiveness in mycotoxins degradation than soaking or shacking processes alone. The speed of shacking process played an important role in the mycotoxin's binding process. All the tested plant fibers effectively reduced all mycotoxin presence in contaminated milk, especially green tea, during the soaking or shacking process. Moreover, the shacking process incorporated with plant fibers promoted and supported the mycotoxins degradation process.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins in milk: Occurrence and evaluation of certain detoxification attempts

Youssef

Gammal

Altaie

et al. 2023

Food Science & Nutrition

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“…The contamination of dairy feed with high levels of different mycotoxins has been frequently reported; consequently, clinical signs such as reduced feed intake and feed conversion, reduced milk production and reproduction capacity, lameness, immunosuppression, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity were observed [ 168 , 169 ]. The mycotoxin contamination of ruminant feed is also a hazard to human health since some mycotoxins and their metabolites are excreted in milk, such as AFM 1 [ 170 ], or accumulated in tissues, such as OTA [ 171 , 172 ].…”

Section: Impact Of Mycotoxins On Livestock Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Products and Their Impacts on the Health of Humans, Livestock Animals and Pets

Yu,

Pedroso

2023

Toxins

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Cereal grains are the most important food staples for human beings and livestock animals. They can be processed into various types of food and feed products such as bread, pasta, breakfast cereals, cake, snacks, beer, complete feed, and pet foods. However, cereal grains are vulnerable to the contamination of soil microorganisms, particularly molds. The toxigenic fungi/molds not only cause quality deterioration and grain loss, but also produce toxic secondary metabolites, mycotoxins, which can cause acute toxicity, death, and chronic diseases such as cancer, immunity suppression, growth impairment, and neural tube defects in humans, livestock animals and pets. To protect human beings and animals from these health risks, many countries have established/adopted regulations to limit exposure to mycotoxins. The purpose of this review is to update the evidence regarding the occurrence and co-occurrence of mycotoxins in cereal grains and cereal-derived food and feed products and their health impacts on human beings, livestock animals and pets. The effort for safe food and feed supplies including prevention technologies, detoxification technologies/methods and up-to-date regulation limits of frequently detected mycotoxins in cereal grains for food and feed in major cereal-producing countries are also provided. Some important areas worthy of further investigation are proposed.

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“…The presence of these toxins, which used to be considered of minor importance in European countries, can be justified due to climate changes in the last few decades [1,24]. High temperatures and long droughts can lead to an increasing incidence of AFB1 in animal feed with a possible consequent occurrence of AFM1 in milk [1].…”

Section: Aflatoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisin B1 (FB1), aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), and zearalenone (ZEA) comprise some examples of mycotoxic contaminants found in milk samples, though no maximum levels of these mycotoxins have been established [23]. Most of these fungal toxins are thermal resistant, with no effects on their occurrence when pasteurization, sterilization, or spray-drying are applied during processing, leading to their presence in the active form in processed milk and other dairy products, making it essential to evaluate and manage the mycotoxin levels either in the raw or processed dairy food to guarantee their quality and safety [24]. One of these examples are aflatoxins (AFs), which present a low decrease in concentration when submitted to pasteurization processes [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Bulk Raw Milk: What Is the Human Risk?

Leite,

Freitas,

Barbosa

et al. 2023

Toxins

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Mycotoxins are abiotic hazards whose contamination occurs at the pre- and post-harvest stages of the maize value chain, with animal exposure through contaminated feed leading to their excretion into milk. Currently, only aflatoxin M1 is regulated in milk products. Since feed materials and complete feed present a multi-mycotoxin composition and are the main mycotoxin source into milk, it is important to recognize the occurrence of multiple toxins and their co-occurrence in this highly consumed food product. The aim of this study was to determine the content of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in milk samples, which allowed for evaluating the occurrence and co-occurrence patterns of different mycotoxins known to contaminate feed materials and complete animal feed. Human exposure considering the occurrence patterns obtained was also estimated. Aflatoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone, and emerging mycotoxins were among the mycotoxins found to be present in the 100 samples analyzed. Concentrations ranged from 0.006 to 16.3 μg L−1, with no sample exceeding the AFM1 maximum level. Though several mycotoxins were detected, no exceeding values were observed considering the TDI or PMTDI. It can be concluded that the observed exposure does not pose a health risk to milk consumers, though it is important to recognize vulnerable age groups.

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Mycotoxins in milk for human nutrition: cow, sheep and human breast milk

Cited by 6 publications

References 32 publications

Mycotoxins in milk: Occurrence and evaluation of certain detoxification attempts

Mycotoxins in milk: Occurrence and evaluation of certain detoxification attempts

Mycotoxins in Cereal-Based Products and Their Impacts on the Health of Humans, Livestock Animals and Pets

Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Bulk Raw Milk: What Is the Human Risk?

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