Mycotoxins in cereals and cereal products in Slovenia – Official control of foods in the years 2008–2012

Kirinčič, Stanislava; Škrjanc, Barbara; Kos, Nataša; Kozolc, Brigita; Pirnat, Nina; Tavčar-Kalcher, Gabrijela

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.08.034

Cited by 64 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Similarly, the content of HT-2 toxin in wheat purchased from local stores in Italy was lower and in the range of 6.78 μg kg -1 -60.10 μg kg -1 [18]. Much lower HT-2 mycotoxin levels were also found in wheat and oat grain from areas of Slovenia [19] and Croatia [20], and cereal products in Poland [21], in which the last toxins T-2 and HT-2 were found in 43% of the samples tested. The results for wheat and oat bran samples showed higher levels of HT-2 toxin that those reported by Rodrigeuez-Carrasco et al [22].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Effect of storage conditions on the formation of type A and B trichothecenes in cereal products

Pokrzywa¹,

Cieśłik²,

Surma

2019

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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Introduction and objective. Mycotoxins are toxic metabolites produced by certain types of fungi, causing pathological changes in humans and animals. The aim of this study was to assess the degree of contamination of selected cereal grains, bran and cereal products intended for children, with mycotoxins using GCxGC-TOF-MS technique. The study involved mycotoxins belonging to the type A and B trichothecenes group, including T-2 toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), scirpenol (SCI), 15-monoacetoxyscirpenol (15-MAS), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), triacetoxyscirpenol (TAS), fusarenon-X (FUS-X), nivalenol (NIV), deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyl-DON (3-Ac-DON), 15-acetyl-DON (15-Ac-DON). The study also assessed the effect of conditions in which the samples were stored, including temperature (6 °C and 28 °C) and time (14 and 28 days), on fungal growth and mycotoxin production. Among all studied compounds, only DAS and HT-2 toxins were detected in tested samples, with the exception of products intended for children. Measured HT-2 mycotoxin content in tested samples was in the range 83.9-196.4 µg kg-1. Results and conclusions. Experiments with storage conditions showed a statistically significant increase in the HT-2 toxin level after 14 days of storage in all samples, irrespective of temperature. Prolonged storage (additional 14 days) did not cause significant changes in the HT-2 content. Further analyses showed a statistically significant effect of storage temperature on HT-2 toxin levels only in cereal products intended for children after both 14 and 28 days. Interestingly, lower temperature (6 °C) was more optimal then higher temperature (28 °C) for the HT-2 toxin production. No significant effect of storage temperature on HT-2 level was observed for cereal grains and bran.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Effect of storage conditions on the formation of type A and B trichothecenes in cereal products

Pokrzywa¹,

Cieśłik²,

Surma

2019

Ann Agric Environ Med.

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“…Regarding wheat products, organic and conventional wheat flour samples commercialized in Croatia in 2008 and 2009 were evaluated for OTA and ZEA presence and no statistical differences between organic and conventional products were observed [29]. The same statistical conclusion was also reached by a research group from Slovenia, even if the contamination rate with AFLAs, OTA, fumonisins, DON, ZEA, HT-2, and T-2 toxins was higher for the organic cereal products [30]. In addition, different authors [31] declared that crop management system is the weakest factor influencing the internal colonization of winter wheat kernels by Fusarium fungi.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Presence of Enniatins and Beauvericin in Romanian Wheat Samples: From Raw Material to Products for Direct Human Consumption

Stanciu

Juan

Miere

et al. 2017

Toxins

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In this study, a total of 244 wheat and wheat-based products collected from Romania were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in order to evaluate the presence of four enniatins (ENs; i.e., ENA, ENA1, ENB, and ENB1) and beauvericin (BEA). For the wheat samples, the influence of agricultural practices was assessed, whereas the results for the wheat-based products were used to calculate the estimated daily intake of emerging mycotoxins through wheat consumption for the Romanian population. ENB presented the highest incidence (41% in wheat and 32% in wheat-based products), with its maximum levels of 815 μg kg−1 and 170 μg kg−1 in wheat and wheat-based products, respectively. The correlation between the concentrations of ENB and ENB1 in wheat grain samples and farm practices (organic or conventional) was confirmed statistically (p < 0.05). This is the first study that provides comprehensive information about the influence of agricultural practice on emerging Fusarium mycotoxin presence in Romanian wheat samples and the estimated daily intake of ENs and BEA present in wheat-based products for human consumption commercialized in Romania.

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“…Plants, especially small grain cereals, suffer from diseases that are related to the infection with trichothecene-producing fungi, for example Fusarium head blight (FHB) [2]. Several recent surveys of cereals and cereal-based foods across Europe have shown that HT2 and T2 are detected most frequently and at the highest concentrations in oats and oat products [1,3,4]. In mammals, T2 is rapidly transformed into HT2 by deacetylation during digestion of infested food or feed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism of HT-2 Toxin and T-2 Toxin in Oats

Meng-Reiterer

Bueschl

Rechthaler³

et al. 2016

Toxins

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The Fusarium mycotoxins HT-2 toxin (HT2) and T-2 toxin (T2) are frequent contaminants in oats. These toxins, but also their plant metabolites, may contribute to toxicological effects. This work describes the use of 13C-assisted liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry for the first comprehensive study on the biotransformation of HT2 and T2 in oats. Using this approach, 16 HT2 and 17 T2 metabolites were annotated including novel glycosylated and hydroxylated forms of the toxins, hydrolysis products, and conjugates with acetic acid, putative malic acid, malonic acid, and ferulic acid. Further targeted quantitative analysis was performed to study toxin metabolism over time, as well as toxin and conjugate mobility within non-treated plant tissues. As a result, HT2-3-O-β-d-glucoside was identified as the major detoxification product of both parent toxins, which was rapidly formed (to an extent of 74% in HT2-treated and 48% in T2-treated oats within one day after treatment) and further metabolised. Mobility of the parent toxins appeared to be negligible, while HT2-3-O-β-d-glucoside was partly transported (up to approximately 4%) through panicle side branches and stem. Our findings demonstrate that the presented combination of untargeted and targeted analysis is well suited for the comprehensive elucidation of mycotoxin metabolism in plants.

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Mycotoxins in cereals and cereal products in Slovenia – Official control of foods in the years 2008–2012

Cited by 64 publications

References 24 publications

Effect of storage conditions on the formation of type A and B trichothecenes in cereal products

Effect of storage conditions on the formation of type A and B trichothecenes in cereal products

Presence of Enniatins and Beauvericin in Romanian Wheat Samples: From Raw Material to Products for Direct Human Consumption

Metabolism of HT-2 Toxin and T-2 Toxin in Oats

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