Mycotoxins content and its association with changing patterns ofFusarium pathogens in wheat in the Czech Republic

Abstract

Mycotoxin content in 244 samples of wheat ears randomly collected during 2014 and 2015 from various localities in the Czech Republic was analysed using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Mean mycotoxin concentration in 2014 was highest for deoxynivalenol (DON; 760 μg/kg), followed by zearalenone (ZEA; 115 μg/kg), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-ADON; 88 μg/kg), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside (83 μg/kg), and enniatins (ENNs; 102 μg/kg). In 2015, DON (66 μg/kg) also had the highest concentration level, followed by ENNs (35 μg/kg), nivalenol (2 μg/kg), and beauvericin (2 μg/kg). The maximum limit for DON in the European Union (1,250 μg/kg) was exceeded in 2% of samples, and the maximum limit for ZEA (100 μg/kg) was exceeded in 0.8% of samples. Fusarium species causing head blight were identified using PCR assays. During 2014-2015, Fusarium poae considerably dominated (48.7% average value of occurrence in the samples). Other species were detected in much lower frequencies in both years: Fusarium graminearum (average frequency of occurrence 13.7%), Fusarium avenaceum (11.9%), Fusarium culmorum (4.2%), and Fusarium equiseti (2.9%). Fusarium langsethiae was identified only in 2015, at a frequency of 10.2%, and Fusarium sporotrichioides was present only sporadically in 2014.

Cultivation Area Affects the Presence of Fungal Communities and Secondary Metabolites in Italian Durum Wheat Grains

“…A similar toxigenic profile also characterizes Fusarium culmorum, an important FHB agent in Southern Mediterranean areas [24]. In recent years, other Fusarium species such as Fusarium poae and Fusarium avenaceum increased their importance in the FHB community in many wheat-cultivation areas worldwide [25][26][27][28][29][30]. In particular, in certain Italian regions and cultivation seasons, these two species were found to be the most prominent members of the FHB complex of wheat, even more present than F. graminearum [7,8,18,[31][32][33].…”

Deoxynivalenol Occurrence in Triticale Crops in Romania during the 2012–2014 Period with Extreme Weather Events

“…In Romania, extreme precipitation and floods were recorded throughout the country, but the south was most affected, namely the Southern Hilly Area, the Oltenia Plain, the Southern Plain and Dobrogea ( Figure 1 and Figure 3 ). Local precipitation during anthesis of cereals has been correlated with deoxynivalenol contamination in maize in northeastern Italy, wheat in Switzerland, wheat, grain and maize in the Czech Republic, wheat and maize in Hungary, wheat, triticale, winter barley and oats in Poland (Central Europe), unprocessed cereals and soybean in Croatia, wheat, barley, maize in Bosnia and Herzegovina, wheat in Albania, wheat and maize in Serbia, wheat, triticale and rye in Romania (southeastern Europe), wheat in Lithuania, and animal feed across Europe ( Figure 1 , Figure 4 , Figures S.2.3 and S.4 ) [ 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 83 , 84 , 86 ]. From previous data, it was observed that the extreme weather events in 2012–2014 favoured the deoxynivalenol occurrence in all cereal types, but the extreme precipitation in July 2014 most affected maize crops ( Figure S.4 ).…”

“…Other European countries, including Italy, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania and Serbia, reported contamination with deoxynivalenol and other mycotoxins in maize, winter wheat, durum wheat, barley, soybean and spelt especially in extremely rainy 2014. Romania reported deoxynivalenol in winter wheat, durum wheat and rye crops [ 12 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 ]. The European and non-European countries that registered the deoxynivalenol-maize outbreak requested a derogation from the maximum allowed limit and received approval from the European Commission [ 6 , 66 ].…”

A Review on the Synthesis and Bioactivity Aspects of Beauvericin, a Fusarium Mycotoxin

“…The peanut paste samples represented the highest risk to consumer health followed by maize and rice samples. BEA (2 μg/kg) were detected in wheat ears randomly collected during year 2014 and 2015 from various localities in the Czech Republic (Sumikova et al, 2017 ). Besides these countries, BEA was also monitored in different Italian organic cereals and cereal products.…”