Mycotoxins and their effects on human and animal health

Rocha, Maria Edite Bezerra da; Freire, Francisco da Chagas Oliveira; Maia, Fábio Erlan Feitosa; Guedes, Maria Izabel Florindo; Rondina, Davide

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.08.021

Cited by 432 publications

(181 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Exposure to sublethal doses of many mycotoxins has the potential to either stimulate or suppress immune functions, such as lymphocyte proliferation, cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity, depending on the dose and exposure time (Edite Bezerra da Rocha et al, 2014). Immunosuppression is viewed as one of the most significant effects of mycotoxin exposure and it has a major economic impact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patulin, Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone and T-2 Toxin Affect Viability and Modulate Cytokine Secretion in J774A.1 Murine Macrophages

Loftus¹,

Kijanka²,

O’Kennedy³

et al. 2016

IJC

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Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites, which occur in food and feed. They have detrimental effects on the health of humans and animals, and they are known to cause immunosuppression. In this study the effect of patulin, deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEN) and T-2 toxin exposure on the viability and the secretion of key pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines from the murine macrophage cell line, J774A.1, was investigated. Exposure of macrophages to high doses of ZEN (100,000 pg/mL) and T-2 toxin (10,000 and 100,000 pg/mL) resulted in a significant decrease (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) in cell viability. Exposure of macrophages to these mycotoxins resulted in a dose-dependent modulation of cytokine secretion. Specifically, exposure to low doses of patulin (0.001, 0.1 and 1 pg/mL) resulted in a statistically significant decrease in the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL) 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of Gram-negative bacterial cell walls. Treatment with low doses of DON (0.001 pg/mL) and ZEN (0.001 and 0.01 pg/mL) significantly decreased (P < 0.01) the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12p40, while several doses of T-2 toxin (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 100 pg/mL) caused a significant decrease the expression of IL-6. Each of the mycotoxins also significantly increased the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, both before and after LPS stimulation. This data provides further insight into the mechanisms by which mycotoxins modulate the host immune response to exert their immunosuppressive activity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patulin, Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone and T-2 Toxin Affect Viability and Modulate Cytokine Secretion in J774A.1 Murine Macrophages

Loftus¹,

Kijanka²,

O’Kennedy³

et al. 2016

IJC

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“…Some of these fungi are pathogenic and associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis, asthma, and other allergies or skin and eye infections. On top of this pathogenicity, genera such as Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Fusarium contain toxigenic species, which entails extra health issues because these species have the ability to produce toxic secondary metabolites called mycotoxins (12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flow Cytometry Is a Powerful Tool for Assessment of the Viability of Fungal Conidia in Metalworking Fluids

Vanhauteghem

Demeyere

Callaert

et al. 2017

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Fungal contamination of metalworking fluids (MWF) is a dual problem in automated processing plants because resulting fungal biofilms obstruct cutting, drilling, and polishing machines. Moreover, some fungal species of MWF comprise pathogens such as Fusarium solani. Therefore, the development of an accurate analytical tool to evaluate conidial viability in MWF is important. We developed a flow cytometric method to measure fungal viability in MWF using F. solani as the model organism. To validate this method, viable and dead conidia were mixed in several proportions and flow was cytometrically analyzed. Subsequently, we assessed the fungicidal activity of two commercial MWF using flow cytometry (FCM) and compared it with microscopic analyses and plating experiments. We evaluated the fungal growth in both MWF after 7 days using quantitative PCR (qPCR) to assess the predictive value of FCM. Our results showed that FCM distinguishes live from dead conidia as early as 5 h after exposure to MWF, whereas the microscopic germination approach detected conidial viability much later and less accurately. At 24 h, microscopic analyses of germinating conidia and live/dead analyses by FCM correlated well, although the former consistently underestimated the proportion of viable conidia. In addition, the reproducibility and sensitivity of the flow cytometric method were high and allowed assessment of the fungicidal properties of two commercial MWF. Importantly, the obtained flow cytometric results on viability of F. solani conidia at both early time points (5 h and 24 h) correlated well with fungal biomass measurements assessed via a qPCR methodology 7 days after the start of the experiment. IMPORTANCE This result shows the predictive power of flow cytometry (FCM) in assessing the fungicidal capacity of MWF formulations. It also implies that FCM can be implemented as a rapid detection tool to estimate the viable fungal load in an industrial processing matrix (MWF).

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“…ZEN'nin bazı hayvan türlerinde ve muhtemelen insanlarda östrojenik etki ile ilişkili olduğu düşü-nülen üreme bozukluklarına, testis toksisitesine ve genotoksisiteye yol açtığı bildirilmektedir. 18,20,30,88 Folikül stimüle edici hormonu inhibe ederek folikül olgunlaşmasında gecikme, libidoda değişiklik, yalancı gebelik, testiküler atrofi, spermatogenezde azalma ve infertilite gibi etkiler ile üreme sistemi üzerinde toksik etkilere neden olduğu deney hayvanlarında yapılan çalışmalarda bildirilmiştir. 21,69 ZEN'nin insan ve kemirgenlerde hematolojik ve immünolojik parametreleri etkilediği gösterilmiş- 89 İnsan bronşiyal epitel hücrelerinde (BEAS-2B), olası apoptoz mekanizması ROT artışı, DNA hasarı, DNA replikasyonun baskılanması, hücre döngüsünün G1/S fazının durması ve DNA tamir mekanizmasının baskılanması olarak bildirilmiş-tir.…”

Section: Zearalenonlarunclassified

“…Bu toksinler ekonomik kayıplara yol açabildiği gibi insan sağlığını tehdit eden hepatotoksik, nefrotoksik, karsinojenik, immünsüpresif, teratojenik ve genotoksik etkiler gibi toksik etkilere neden olabilmektedir. [15][16][17][18] Mikotoksinler; fındık, kurutulmuş meyve, kahve, baharat, tohum, mısır, buğday gibi ürün-lerde yaygın olarak bulunabildiği gibi yemlerde ve süt, peynir, et gibi hayvansal ürünlerde de bulunabilmektedir. 19 Gıdalarda en çok bulunan mikotoksinler arasında başlıca; Aspergillus türleri tarafın-dan üretilen aflatoksin (AF) ler, Aspergillus ve Penicillium tarafından üretilen okratoksinler, Fusarium türleri tarafından üretilen fusarium, zearalenon, trikotesenler ve yeni keşfedilen "emerging" mikotoksinler (fusaproliferin, moliniform, böuve-rin, enniatin), Penicillium ve Aspergillus tarafın-dan üretilen patulin (PAT), Alternaria türleri tarafından üretilen altenuen, alternariol, alternariol metil eter, altertoksin, tenazonik asit, Claviceps tarafından üretilen ergot alkaloidleri yer almaktadır.…”

unclassified

Genotoxic Effects of Mycotoxins: Review

Beci̇t¹,

Aydın²,

Baydar³

2017

Turkiye Klinikleri J Pharm Sci

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senobiyotiklere maruziyet sonucunda DNA'da meydana gelen kalıcı değişikliklere "mutasyon" denir. Mutasyon, genotoksik etkinin nihai bir sonucudur. DNA molekülünde oluşan başlıca primer DNA hasarları; DNA sarmalındaki tek ve çift iplik kırıklarını, DNA bazları ve proTurkiye Klinikleri J Pharm Sci 2017;6(2):59-76 59Mikotoksinlerin Genotoksik Etkileri Ö ÖZ ZE ET T Mikotoksinler, hem insan ve hayvan sağlığına olumsuz etkilere hem de ciddi ekonomik kayıplara neden olmaları açısından önemli riskler taşımaktadır. Mikotoksinlere maruziyet, asıl olarak kontamine yem ve gıdaların tüketilmesi ile olup, inhalasyon veya dermal yolla da temas söz konusu olabilmektedir. Mikotoksinler insan sağlığı üzerinde karaciğer, böbrek, bağışıklık, üreme ve gelişme sistemi gibi birçok organ ve sistemi olumsuz yönde etkileyebilmekte, düşük doz ancak kronik maruziyetlerinde özellikle genotoksik ve karsinojenik etkileri ile kansere yol açabilmektedir. Gı-dalarda önemli risk oluşturan mikotoksinler arasında Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium ve Alternaria türlerinin oluşturduğu metabolitler yer almaktadır. Bu metabolitler arasında aflatoksinler, okratoksinler, zearalenon, trikotesenler, fusarium ve yeni keşfedilen fusarium mikotoksinler, patulin, alternaria toksinleri ve ergot alkaloitleri yer almaktadır. Günümüzde bazı mikotoksinlerin genotoksik olduğu artık bilinmektedir. Mikotoksinlerin genotoksik etki mekanizmalarına yönelik araştırmalar halen devam etmektedir. Her ne kadar in vitro çalışmalarda bazı mikotoksinlerin genotoksik etkileri gösterilmiş olsa da bu etkilerin in vivo koşullarla desteklenmesi, etki mekanizmalarının aydınlatılması ve epidemiyolojik çalışmalarla daha ileri değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu derleme makalesinde, ekonomik kayıplara yol açan, toplum ve hayvan sağlığı için riskleri olan ve gıda kirleticileri olarak sık karşılaşılan mikotoksinlerin neden olduğu genetik hasarlardan ve bu hasarın olası mekanizmalarından bahsedilecektir.A An na ah h t ta ar r K Ke e l li i m me e l le er r: : Aflatoksinler; mutajenler; okratoksinler; mikotoksinler; patulin; mutajenlik testleri; fusarium; alternaria; ergotamin A AB BS S T TR RA AC CT T Mycotoxins have significant risks in terms of their adverse effects on human and animal health and causing serious economic losses. Exposure to mycotoxins is primarily through the consumption of contaminant feed and food, which may be through the inhalation or dermal route. Mycotoxins can adversely affect many organs and systems such as liver, kidney, immune system, reproductive and developmental system on human health. In low dose but chronic exposures, especially it can cause cancer with genotoxic and carcinogenic effects. Mycotoxins reveal significant risks in terms of both adverse effects on human and animal health and serious economic loss. Mycotoxins, which have significant risks in food, include metabolites of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium and Alternaria species, These metabolites include aflatoxins, ochratoxins, zearalenone, tricothecenes, fusarium and emerged fusarium mycotoxins...

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Mycotoxins and their effects on human and animal health

Cited by 432 publications

References 68 publications

Patulin, Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone and T-2 Toxin Affect Viability and Modulate Cytokine Secretion in J774A.1 Murine Macrophages

Patulin, Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone and T-2 Toxin Affect Viability and Modulate Cytokine Secretion in J774A.1 Murine Macrophages

Flow Cytometry Is a Powerful Tool for Assessment of the Viability of Fungal Conidia in Metalworking Fluids

Genotoxic Effects of Mycotoxins: Review

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