Mycotoxins and Mycotoxin Producing Fungi in Pollen: Review

Kostić, Aleksandar Ž.; Milinčić, Danijel D.; Petrović, Tanja; Krnjaja, Vesna; Stanojević, Sladjana P.; Barać, Miroljub B.; Tešić, Živoslav Lj.; Pešić, Mirjana B.

doi:10.3390/toxins11020064

Cited by 44 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…Currently, there are only suggested limit values for total AFs (4.2 µg/kg) and AFB1 (2 µg/kg) in pollen, proposed by Campos et al [172]. In the future, the suggestions about maximal allowed concentrations for the other mycotoxins in pollen should be established [55].…”

Section: Mycotoxins In Pollenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among several different compounds which are defined as mycotoxins, the most dangerous for humans are aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxins (OTs)-due to their proved carcinogenic effect. Recently, the presence of mycotoxins in pollen samples has been well-reviewed [55]. According to all collected data, eighteen different mycotoxins were detected and reported in pollen samples collected all around the world with great prevalence of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), and deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivates and fumonisins (FBs).…”

Section: Mycotoxins In Pollenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The presence of mycotoxins, mycotoxin producing fungi, and toxic and potentially toxic elements is mostly due to inadequate handling of the pollen grains. [10,55,56].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Application of Pollen as a Functional Food and Feed Ingredient—The Present and Perspectives

et al. 2020

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Pollen is recognized as an excellent dietary supplement for human nutrition, which is why it can be found in different forms on the market (granules, capsules, tablets, pellets, and powders). But, the digestibility of pollen's nutrients is strongly affected by the presence of a pollen shell, which can decrease the bioavailability of nutrients by 50% and more. Since consumers have become more aware of the benefits of a healthy diet and the necessity to improve pollen digestibility, different pollen-based functional food products have been developed and extensive studies were done to estimate the beneficial effects of pollen-based feed on animal growth, health, and rigor mortise stage. Considering the positive effects of pollen nutrients and phytometabolites on human and animal health, the aim of this paper was to give an overview of recent achievements in the application of pollen in the formulation of functional food and animal diets. Special attention was paid to the effects of pollen's addition on the nutritional, functional, techno-functional, and sensory properties of the new formulated food products. Anti-nutritional properties of pollen were also discussed. This review points out the benefits of pollen addition to food and feed and the possible directions in the further development of functional food and feed for the wellbeing of everyone.Biomolecules 2020, 10, 84 2 of 36 improvement and for the prevention of some respiratory infections. In addition, they emphasized the fact of the longevity of some residents of Ukraine and Russia which can be linked to their regular consumption of honey enriched with pollen [2]. Since then, a significant "breakthrough" about the application of pollen as a dietary supplement has been made and the number of available research articles has drastically increased.Nowadays, pollen is often recognized as the "only perfectly complete food" [4], and "the world's best food product" [5]. The dominant presence and high content of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids highlights pollen as an ideal natural supplement that provides energy; it has good nutritional value, regulates certain biochemical functions, and strengthens the body's immune and physiological systems [4,6]. Furthermore, pollen is a rich source of different important compounds (Figure 1)-vitamins (with the prevalence of group-B vitamins) [7,8], carotenoids (such as lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, and β-caroten) [9], minerals [10][11][12], and polyphenols [13][14][15], which makes it attractive for use in the diets of children and adults suffering from certain avitaminoses and loss of appetite.

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Section: Mycotoxins In Pollenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mycotoxins In Pollenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Application of Pollen as a Functional Food and Feed Ingredient—The Present and Perspectives

et al. 2020

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“…Because fresh bee bread has higher A w , this increases the chances for growth of either beneficial bacteria, pathogenic bacteria, fungi, or mold [48]. Eventually, this contributes to the presence of mycotoxins such as aflatoxin and ochratoxin, which has been reported in various pollen [49]. erefore, this drying parameter should be critically observed to prevent mycotoxin accumulation during storage at low temperature, to avoid the moisture increase throughout shelf-life.…”

Section: Physicochemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Botanical Origin and Nutritional Values of Bee Bread of Stingless Bee (Heterotrigona itama) from Malaysia

Mohammad

M.A.R.

Zawawi

2020

Journal of Food Quality

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Bee bread is the bee-collected pollen with the mixture of honey and bee salivary enzymes, stored inside the bee hive. Malaysia has limited information on bee bread collected by the stingless bee Heterotrigona itama. Therefore, this study aims to determine the botanical origin and nutritional values of bee bread from H. itama. Melissopalynological analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the bee bread’s botanical origin. The proximate analysis, water activity, sugar profile, amino acid profile, vitamin C content, mineral content, and heavy metal content of the bee bread were analyzed. From the results obtained, Bidens pilosa was found in bee bread from all sampling locations. Bee bread contained high protein (21.70–23.33%) and carbohydrate (57.06–58.89%) contents. Glucose was the predominant sugar found (average 11.499 g/100 g). Eight essential amino acids were quantified, and arginine was detected the highest. The major mineral element in the bee bread was potassium (average 6705.9 mg/kg), followed by phosphorus and magnesium. Toxic metals such as lead, mercury, cadmium, and arsenic were detected but within the safe limits permitted in food. The data obtained contribute towards expanding the knowledge on the nutritional information specifically for H. itama bee bread in Malaysia.

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“…AFM1 analysis studies have assessed the risk of AFM1 in both liquid and powdered milk marketed in Pakistan, with processed milk shown to have lower AFM1 levels than raw milk [7]. Mycotoxin risk is not only limited to the consumption of cereal grains, but can also occur in pollen as used in food supplements [8], and malting and brewing by-products as used in animal feed [9], and reviews of these products further highlight the potential mycotoxin risks in these novel food and feed products.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%