Mycotoxin Contamination in the EU Feed Supply Chain: A Focus on Cereal Byproducts

Pinotti, L.; Ottoboni, M.; Giromini, Carlotta; Dell’Orto, V.; Cheli, F.

doi:10.3390/toxins8020045

Cited by 259 publications

(234 citation statements)

References 127 publications

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“…Mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites represent the most insidious safety risks for cereal food and the feed supply chain (Pinotti et al, 2016). The occurrence of these compounds is a topic of great concern, because of the consequent negative health effect on humans and animals (Wild and Gong, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of sowing time, hybrid and environmental conditions on the contamination of maize by emerging mycotoxins and fungal metabolites

et al. 2017

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Mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites represent the most insidious safety risks to cereal food and the feed chain. Optimising agronomic practices is one of the main strategies adopted to minimise the contents of these undesirable substances in grain-based commodities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the combination of sowing times and hybrids on the occurrence of emerging mycotoxins and fungal metabolites in maize. Field experiments were carried out in 2 sowing times (early vs late) and 3 maize hybrids were compared in the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons. Overall, 37 fungal metabolites produced by Fusarium and Alternaria species were detected. Apart from fumonisins type B (FBs), other metabolites produced by Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum, such as fumonisins type A, fusaric acid, bikaverin and fusaproliferin, were also detected in all of the samples. Fusarin C was found in 61% of the samples. Deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside, culmorin and zearalenone, all of which are produced prevalently by Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum, were found in all the samples. Their contents were clearly affected by the meteorological trend: the highest contamination was detected in the 2014 growing season, which was characterised by abundant rainfall and lower temperatures from flowering to maize ripening. Among the mycotoxins produced by other Fusarium species, aurofusarin was found to clearly be associated with DON, while moniliformin and beauvericin followed the same behaviour as the FBs.A late sowing time significantly increased the FBs and fumonisin-associated mycotoxins in both growing seasons. The increase in contamination with the delay of sowing was more pronounced in the 2015 growing season, as the environmental conditions were less favourable to the infection of other Fusarium species. The effect of sowing time on DON and DON-associated mycotoxins produced conflicting results for the two growing seasons, because contamination by these metabolites depends more on the conditions that occur during maize flowering than those that occur during ripening. A clearer hybrid susceptibility was observed for these compounds. Other metabolites, such as enniatins, equisetin, T-2 and HT-2 toxins and Alternaria toxins, were always found in traces. The occurrence of these metabolites seems to be influenced less by the considered agronomic practices.The results, obtained under naturally-infected field conditions, underline the key role that the sowing date and hybrid susceptibility play in influencing, in a variable way, the contamination of mycotoxins produced by different Fusarium species in maize subjected to different meteorological conditions. The content of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium spp. section Liseola is more directly and steadily related to late sowing time, while the contamination of mycotoxins associated to Fusarium spp. section Discolor depends more strongly on the environmental conditions at maize flowering and on hybrid susceptibility.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of sowing time, hybrid and environmental conditions on the contamination of maize by emerging mycotoxins and fungal metabolites

et al. 2017

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“…The occurrence of more fungal species in soya bean seed samples compared with fewer species, and less incidence in processed soya bean samples, can be attributed to practices involved with processing soya bean seeds. These practices which include de-hulling, frying and milling could have contributed to reducing fungal occurrence [19] [20]. The occurrence of different filamentous fungi in seeds could be attributed to, the predominantly hot and humid climatic weather of Nigeria [5] [6] [31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mycotoxins which are chemical compounds produced by fungi species, are able to withstand very high temperatures and pressure such that, they are not easily degraded or destroyed by cooking or baking [5] [18]. Despite their ability to withstand heat, it is reported that mycotoxin contamination in food commodities can be reduced by some practices such as dehulling, sorting, and cleaning [19] [20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins Contaminating Soya Bean Seeds and Processed Soya Bean from Nigerian Markets

Egbuta¹,

Mwanza²,

Phoku³

et al. 2016

AiM

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Concern for food safety has continued to grow worldwide including the issue of mycotoxin contamination of food products from farm to fork. In this regard, soya bean seeds and processed soya bean powder bought from some Nigerian markets were screened for fungal and mycotoxin contamination. Fungal identification was done by both conventional and molecular methods after samples were cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA), ohio agricultural experimental station agar (OAESA), malt extract agar (MEA) and czapek yeast agar (CYA). Mycotoxin analysis by thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography was done after extraction and clean-up by multi-mycotoxin extraction procedure and solid phase extraction (SPE) isolute strong ion exchange (SAX) columns. Results from the analysis showed that soya bean seeds had higher incidences of fungal species such as Alternaria (52.4%) and Aspergillus flavus (42.9%). Mycotoxins detected include aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and fumonisin B with highest concentration of 3.430 µg/g, 0.125 µg/g and 4.286 µg/g respectively, which were below regulatory limits. The study showed that there was co-occurrence of aflatoxins and fumonisin B 1 in both sample types and though these values are low, should not be ignored as a result of health risks associated with exposure to these compounds.

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“…Fewer data are available regarding the distribution of other mycotoxins and modified mycotoxins in milling fractions [45,[142][143][144][145][146], but a similar scenario has been found, such as mycotoxins concentration in milling fractions intended for animal feed.…”

Section: Use Of Physical Chemical and Biological Decontaminating Mementioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins in Wheat and Mitigation Measures

Cheli¹,

Pinotti²,

Novacco³

et al. 2017

Wheat Improvement, Management and Utilization

Self Cite

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Latest estimates for world cereal production in 2015 and EU-28 production in 2014 are approximately 2540 and 323 mil tons, respectively. The FAO estimated that the global wheat consumption is about 66 kg/per capita. Among the most important risks associated with wheat consumption are mycotoxins. It has been estimated that up to 25% of the world's crops grown for food and feed may be contaminated with mycotoxins. Despite efforts in controlling fungal growth, mycotoxin co-contamination represents an unavoidable risk, occurring pre-and postharvest and resulting in reduced nutritional value and possible risks for human and animal health. In addition to health risks, mycotoxins have a detrimental effect on the quality and the processing performance of wheat. Mitigation measures to manage the challenge of mycotoxins in wheat include strategies at pre-and postharvest. Preharvest events are predominantly dictated by environmental factors and good agronomic/cultural practices, whereas storage and processing are the major areas where contamination can be prevented at postharvest. Integrating as many management options as possible may minimize the risk of mycotoxin contamination in wheat and wheat products.

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Mycotoxin Contamination in the EU Feed Supply Chain: A Focus on Cereal Byproducts

Cited by 259 publications

References 127 publications

Impact of sowing time, hybrid and environmental conditions on the contamination of maize by emerging mycotoxins and fungal metabolites

Impact of sowing time, hybrid and environmental conditions on the contamination of maize by emerging mycotoxins and fungal metabolites

Comparative Analysis of Mycotoxigenic Fungi and Mycotoxins Contaminating Soya Bean Seeds and Processed Soya Bean from Nigerian Markets

Mycotoxins in Wheat and Mitigation Measures

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