Mycotoxin and Gut Microbiota Interactions

Abstract

The interactions between mycotoxins and gut microbiota were discovered early in animals and explained part of the differences in susceptibility to mycotoxins among species. Isolation of microbes present in the gut responsible for biotransformation of mycotoxins into less toxic metabolites and for binding mycotoxins led to the development of probiotics, enzymes, and cell extracts that are used to prevent mycotoxin toxicity in animals. More recently, bioactivation of mycotoxins into toxic compounds, notably through the hydrolysis of masked mycotoxins, revealed that the health benefits of the effect of the gut microbiota on mycotoxins can vary strongly depending on the mycotoxin and the microbe concerned. Interactions between mycotoxins and gut microbiota can also be observed through the effect of mycotoxins on the gut microbiota. Changes of gut microbiota secondary to mycotoxin exposure may be the consequence of the antimicrobial properties of mycotoxins or the toxic effect of mycotoxins on epithelial and immune cells in the gut, and liberation of antimicrobial peptides by these cells. Whatever the mechanism involved, exposure to mycotoxins leads to changes in the gut microbiota composition at the phylum, genus, and species level. These changes can lead to disruption of the gut barrier function and bacterial translocation. Changes in the gut microbiota composition can also modulate the toxicity of toxic compounds, such as bacterial toxins and of mycotoxins themselves. A last consequence for health of the change in the gut microbiota secondary to exposure to mycotoxins is suspected through variations observed in the amount and composition of the volatile fatty acids and sphingolipids that are normally present in the digesta, and that can contribute to the occurrence of chronic diseases in human. The purpose of this work is to review what is known about mycotoxin and gut microbiota interactions, the mechanisms involved in these interactions, and their practical application, and to identify knowledge gaps and future research needs.

An update on T2-toxins: metabolism, immunotoxicity mechanism and human assessment exposure of intestinal microbiota

“…From literature study, it has been found that interactions between mycotoxins and gut microbiota vary at specie, genus and phylum level. This has been confirmed by analysis of the effects of the microbiota present between metabolism of mycotoxins and the toxicokinetics [156]. As a result, many innovative approaches were proposed to study the impacts of mycotoxins on human health.…”

An update on T2-toxins: metabolism, immunotoxicity mechanism and human assessment exposure of intestinal microbiota

“…From literature study, it has been found that interactions between mycotoxins and gut microbiota vary at specie, genus and phylum level. This has been confirmed by analysis of the effects of the microbiota present between metabolism of mycotoxins and the toxicokinetics [156]. As a result, many innovative approaches were proposed to study the impacts of mycotoxins on human health.…”

Emerging mycotoxins and preventive strategies related to gut microbiota changes: probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics – a systematic review

“…One of these strong correlations is the preventive role of PPSP and the gut microbiota in disease and its health-promotion effects. 49 As has already been said, 62 PPSP and the gut microbiota possess the capacity to bind and metabolize a vast quantity of substances entering the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, despite theoretically reducing ben-eficial compounds, PPSP can also decrease the exposure to detrimental ones, such as toxins, including emerging mycotoxins.…”

Fusarium verticillioides of maize plant: Potentials of propitious phytomicrobiome as biocontrol agents

“…Ruminococcus flavefaciens is another gut microbe that can be isolated and optimized for the control of fumonisin. As shown in previous studies, this microorganism is capable of modifying mycotoxin's toxicity by causing changes to its toxicokinetics (Aisha, 2012;Guerre, 2020). That is, this microbe can cause the chemical transformation of fumonisin through the enzymes present in its cell or through the enzymes excreted by the microorganism into the gut.…”

An update on T2-toxins: metabolism, immunotoxicity mechanism and human assessment exposure of intestinal microbiota

“…From literature study, it has been found that interactions between mycotoxins and gut microbiota vary at specie, genus and phylum level. This has been confirmed by analysis of the effects of the microbiota present between metabolism of mycotoxins and the toxicokinetics [156]. As a result, many innovative approaches were proposed to study the impacts of mycotoxins on human health.…”

Emerging mycotoxins and preventive strategies related to gut microbiota changes: probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics – a systematic review

“…One of these strong correlations is the preventive role of PPSP and the gut microbiota in disease and its health-promotion effects. 49 As has already been said, 62 PPSP and the gut microbiota possess the capacity to bind and metabolize a vast quantity of substances entering the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, despite theoretically reducing ben-eficial compounds, PPSP can also decrease the exposure to detrimental ones, such as toxins, including emerging mycotoxins.…”

Fusarium verticillioides of maize plant: Potentials of propitious phytomicrobiome as biocontrol agents

“…Ruminococcus flavefaciens is another gut microbe that can be isolated and optimized for the control of fumonisin. As shown in previous studies, this microorganism is capable of modifying mycotoxin's toxicity by causing changes to its toxicokinetics (Aisha, 2012;Guerre, 2020). That is, this microbe can cause the chemical transformation of fumonisin through the enzymes present in its cell or through the enzymes excreted by the microorganism into the gut.…”

An update on T2-toxins: metabolism, immunotoxicity mechanism and human assessment exposure of intestinal microbiota

“…From literature study, it has been found that interactions between mycotoxins and gut microbiota vary at specie, genus and phylum level. This has been confirmed by analysis of the effects of the microbiota present between metabolism of mycotoxins and the toxicokinetics [156]. As a result, many innovative approaches were proposed to study the impacts of mycotoxins on human health.…”

Emerging mycotoxins and preventive strategies related to gut microbiota changes: probiotics, prebiotics, and postbiotics – a systematic review

“…One of these strong correlations is the preventive role of PPSP and the gut microbiota in disease and its health-promotion effects. 49 As has already been said, 62 PPSP and the gut microbiota possess the capacity to bind and metabolize a vast quantity of substances entering the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, despite theoretically reducing ben-eficial compounds, PPSP can also decrease the exposure to detrimental ones, such as toxins, including emerging mycotoxins.…”

Fusarium verticillioides of maize plant: Potentials of propitious phytomicrobiome as biocontrol agents

“…Ruminococcus flavefaciens is another gut microbe that can be isolated and optimized for the control of fumonisin. As shown in previous studies, this microorganism is capable of modifying mycotoxin's toxicity by causing changes to its toxicokinetics (Aisha, 2012;Guerre, 2020). That is, this microbe can cause the chemical transformation of fumonisin through the enzymes present in its cell or through the enzymes excreted by the microorganism into the gut.…”