Mycotoxigenic <i>Fusarium</i> species from agricultural crops in Malaysia

Abstract

Phytopathogenic and mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. are widespread in Malaysia. Common mycotoxigenic as well as phytopathogenic Fusarium spp. are F. oxysporum and several species members of the F. fujikuroi species complex, particularly F. proliferatum and F. fujikuroi. Mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. infect crops in the field and can contaminate the crops after harvest and during storage. In vitro studies indicate that many isolates of mycotoxigenic Fusarium spp. can produce mycotoxins, suggesting that these isolates can also produce mycotoxins in the host plant. Thus, there are opportunities for mycotoxin carryover to food and feed products. Although most Fusarium mycotoxins are heat stable, food processing such as sorting, trimming, cleaning, milling, cooking, baking, frying, roasting, and extrusion cooking have been reported to reduce concentrations of mycotoxins in food and feed products to varying degrees. In Malaysia, more studies on human exposure to Fusarium mycotoxins and to other mycotoxins are needed because such data are useful for estimation of the exposure levels.

The endophyticFusariumstrains: a treasure trove of natural products

“…Fusolanone B (39) demonstrated the best antimicrobial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus with a MIC value of 6.25 mg mL −1 . 28 Fusaric acid (37) has a potent cytotoxic effect on the HeLa cell line with an IC 50 value of 200 mg mL −1 at 24 h. 29 Furthermore, the chemical investigation of F. solani JK10, which is harbored in the root of the Ghanaian medicinal plant Chlorophora regia, resulted in the isolation of seven new 7-desmethyl fusarin C derivatives (40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46) together with ve known compounds, NG-391 (47), NG-393 ( 48), (+)-(S)-solaniol (49), 2,3-dihydro-5hydroxy-8-methoxy-2,4-dimethylnaphtho[1,2-b]furan-6,9-dione (50) and Nb-acetyltryptamine (3). Consequently, compounds 42/43 and 45 showed pronounced activity at 10.0 mg mL −1 against the soil bacterium Acinetobacter sp.…”

“…napiforme was rst isolated from millet and sorghum from Southern Africa, and soil debris from grassland in Australia; it is a source of fumonisin B1 (83), and fumonisins are believed to cause toxicity by blocking ceramide synthase, a key enzyme in sphingolipid biochemistry that converts sphinganine (or sphingosine) and fatty acyl CoA to ceramide, which can cause fatal illnesses in some animals and is a suspected human esophageal carcinogen. 42,43 On the other hand, the fungal culture of the IP-28 strain from the Rhizophora mucronata plant led to identication of two new naphthoquinone derivatives, 6hydroxyastropaquinone B (84) and astropaquinone D (85), with a known compound, 3-O-methyl-9-O-methyl fusarubin (86). 44 Compounds (84-86) exhibited moderate activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa with MIC values of 6.3, 12.5, and 6.3 mg mL −1 and 6.3, 6.3, and 6.3 mg mL −1 , respectively, with no effect on Aspergillus clavatus nor C. albicans (at 25 mg mL −1 ) and phytotoxic action on lettuce seeding at a concentration of 30 mg mL −1 .…”