Mycotoxicoses of ruminants and horses

Riet-Correa, Franklin; Rivero, Rodolfo; Odriozola, Ernesto; Adrien, María de Lourdes; Medeiros, Rosane M.T.; Schild, Ana Lúcia

doi:10.1177/1040638713504572

Cited by 79 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Recently, there has been more interest in the potential impact of mycotoxins on equine health, from forage or indeed other feedstuffs. Mycotoxins can be a systemic issue, affecting for example immunity, digestive health, reproduction and overall performance (Riet-Correa et al 2013), although little data is available to give guidance on the lower critical level of mycotoxin contamination significant for health and performance in horses. In addition, the significance of a raised mycotoxin result in hay or feed can be difficult to interpret as the impact will depend on the relative intake of the contaminated material.…”

Section: Hygienic Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional tips for veterinarians

Harris¹,

Dunnett²

2016

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary As a herd‐living, nonruminant, hindgut fermenting, primarily grazing herbivore the horse has evolved with a specialised gastrointestinal tract capable of utilising a wide range of plant species, which are hydrolysed and/or fermented to yield energy and nutrients for bodily processes. Domestication has resulted in the horse often being fed and managed to suit human requirements rather than their own, which can lead to digestive, behavioural and clinical issues. Appropriate nutrition not only reduces the risk of a nutritional component being a limiting factor to performance, but it also supports the maintenance of health and appropriate behaviour. A basic understanding of the digestive processes therefore can be very valuable when deciding how to feed horses optimally for both health and activity. This article provides a general overview of the gastrointestinal tract from a nutritional perspective and points out a few key practical areas where knowledge of feeding practices can be helpful for veterinarians.

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Section: Hygienic Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional tips for veterinarians

Harris¹,

Dunnett²

2016

Equine Veterinary Education

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“…Horses were the more susceptible species to FBs, and the main mycotoxicosis of horses is leukoencephalomalacia caused by the FB 1 and FB 2 produced by Fusarium spp. (Riet-Correa et al 2013;Voss et al 2007).…”

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confidence: 97%

Fumonisins: oxidative stress-mediated toxicity and metabolism in vivo and in vitro

Wang

Wan

et al. 2015

Arch Toxicol

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Fumonisins (FBs) are widespread Fusarium toxins commonly found as corn contaminants. FBs could cause a variety of diseases in animals and humans, such as hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, hepatocarcinogenic and cytotoxic effects in mammals. To date, almost no review has addressed the toxicity of FBs in relation to oxidative stress and their metabolism. The focus of this article is primarily intended to summarize the progress in research associated with oxidative stress as a plausible mechanism for FB-induced toxicity as well as the metabolism. The present review showed that studies have been carried out over the last three decades to elucidate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress as a result of FBs treatment and have correlated them with various types of FBs toxicity, indicating that oxidative stress plays critical roles in the toxicity of FBs. The major metabolic pathways of FBs are hydrolysis, acylation and transamination. Ceramide synthase, carboxylesterase FumD and aminotransferase FumI could degrade FB1 and FB2. The cecal microbiota of pigs and alkaline processing such as nixtamalization can also transform FB1 into metabolites. Most of the metabolites of FB1 were less toxic than FB1, except its partial (pHFB1) metabolites. Further understanding of the role of oxidative stress in FB-induced toxicity will throw new light on the use of antioxidants, scavengers of ROS, as well as on the blind spots of metabolism and the metabolizing enzymes of FBs. The present review might contribute to reveal the toxicity of FBs and help to protect against their oxidative damage.

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“…The pathogen's presence is determined by extraction and chromatographic separation of slaframine from symptomatic tissue (Borges et al 2012;Hagler and Behlow 1981), administration of extracts or infected plants to livestock to check for a slobbering response (Borges et al 2012;Riet-Correa et al 2013), or isolation of the pathogen from infected plant material, followed by examination of the isolate by microscopy (Hagler and Behlow 1981;Berkenkamp 1977;Sanderson 1985;Sockett et al 1982). Amplification of fungal DNA by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), with species-specific primers, could be an alternate means to confirm a histological analysis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of the polymerase chain reaction to help determine the presence of blackpatch (Rhizoctonia leguminicola) in inoculated red clover leaves

Kagan

2016

Eur J Plant Pathol

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Rhizoctonia leguminicola, the traditional name for the causal agent of blackpatch of red clover (Trifolium pratense) and other legumes, produces alkaloids, one of which causes livestock to salivate excessively. Fungal presence is generally confirmed by microscopy, disappearance of symptoms in livestock after removal of suspect forage, and chromatography of the alkaloid slaframine, in legume tissue. Use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a pathogenspecific DNA fragment would complement the other methods of pathogen identification. Primers were designed to the R. leguminicola ITS region, sequence provided by another laboratory. Two separate primer pairs each amplified a different fragment-one~250 bp long (expected length 249 bp), and the other 300 to 400 bp long (expected length 368 bp)-in DNA extracted from cultures of R. leguminicola. Under the experimental conditions, the primers to the larger fragment amplified a stronger band, and a minimum of 0.1 ng DNA per reaction was needed to produce a detectable band. With the primers to the 368-bp fragment, a band 300 to 400 bp long was also amplified in DNA extracted from red clover (cultivar Kenland) inoculated with R. leguminicola and harvested 70 h post inoculation. No amplification with this primer set occurred in DNA extracted from mock-inoculated red clover plants, supporting the likelihood that the primers amplified R. leguminicola DNA extracted from inoculated red clover. This primer set did not amplify DNA extracted from a red clover isolate of the legume pathogen Stemphylium sarcinaeforme, or DNA extracted from two isolates of the legume pathogen Colletotrichum trifolii, indicating specificity for R. leguminicola DNA. Lack of amplification of alfalfa DNA indicated that the R. leguminicola primers will be useful for testing for the presence of blackpatch in alfalfa.

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Mycotoxicoses of ruminants and horses

Cited by 79 publications

References 46 publications

Nutritional tips for veterinarians

Nutritional tips for veterinarians

Fumonisins: oxidative stress-mediated toxicity and metabolism in vivo and in vitro

Use of the polymerase chain reaction to help determine the presence of blackpatch (Rhizoctonia leguminicola) in inoculated red clover leaves

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