“…Over the past decades, nanomaterials, especially AuNPs, have attracted a great deal of attention from the research community because of their different and unique physical, chemical, photochemical, electronic and optical properties, which also differ from the material properties in their bulk states [ 56 , 57 , 58 ]. The unique characteristics of AuNPs include high stability and chemical stability, high surface area-to-volume ratios and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect [ 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ].…”
Sonochemistry uses ultrasound to improve or modify chemical reactions. Sonochemistry occurs when the ultrasound causes chemical effects on the reaction system, such as the formation of free radicals, that intensify the reaction. Many studies have investigated the synthesis of nanomaterials by the sonochemical method, but there is still very limited information on the detailed characterization of these physicochemical and morphological nanoparticles. In this comprehensive review, recent advances in the sonochemical synthesis of nanomaterials based on iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4NP), gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and iron oxide-coated gold nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Au NP) are discussed. These materials are the most studied materials for various applications, such as medical and commercial uses. This review will: (1) address the simple processing and observations on the principles of sonochemistry as a starting point for understanding the fundamental mechanisms, (2) summarize and review the most relevant publications and (3) describe the typical shape of the products provided in sonochemistry. All in all, this review’s main outcome will provide a comprehensive overview of the available literature knowledge that promotes and encourages future sonochemical work.
“…Over the past decades, nanomaterials, especially AuNPs, have attracted a great deal of attention from the research community because of their different and unique physical, chemical, photochemical, electronic and optical properties, which also differ from the material properties in their bulk states [ 56 , 57 , 58 ]. The unique characteristics of AuNPs include high stability and chemical stability, high surface area-to-volume ratios and a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect [ 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ].…”
Sonochemistry uses ultrasound to improve or modify chemical reactions. Sonochemistry occurs when the ultrasound causes chemical effects on the reaction system, such as the formation of free radicals, that intensify the reaction. Many studies have investigated the synthesis of nanomaterials by the sonochemical method, but there is still very limited information on the detailed characterization of these physicochemical and morphological nanoparticles. In this comprehensive review, recent advances in the sonochemical synthesis of nanomaterials based on iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4NP), gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and iron oxide-coated gold nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Au NP) are discussed. These materials are the most studied materials for various applications, such as medical and commercial uses. This review will: (1) address the simple processing and observations on the principles of sonochemistry as a starting point for understanding the fundamental mechanisms, (2) summarize and review the most relevant publications and (3) describe the typical shape of the products provided in sonochemistry. All in all, this review’s main outcome will provide a comprehensive overview of the available literature knowledge that promotes and encourages future sonochemical work.
“… Fig. 2 Peristaltic pump [1] , ZnO synthesized nanoparticles on stone bed [2] , UV lamp [3] , cubic reactor [4] , Transformer [5] . …”
Section: Reactor Design and The Process Operationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These dyes are inexpensive and have high solubility and stability [2] ). Due to azo dyes variety structures and easy to make are the most used among dye compounds [3] . The azo days could cause some environmental and health problems such as cancer, renal and liver dysfunctions [4] .…”
Azo dyes are the largest group of synthetic organic dyes which containing the linkage C—N
N—C and used in various industries such as textile industries leather articles, and some foods. Azo dyes are resistant compounds against the biodegradation processes. The purpose of this research was hybrid UV/COP advanced oxidation process using ZnO as a catalyst immobilized on a stone surface for degradation of acid red 18 (AR18) Dye. In the hybrid process using some parameters such as the dye initial concentration, pH, contact time and catalyst concentration, the process efficiency was investigated. In order to the dye removal, the sole ozonation process (SOP), catalytic ozonation process (COP) and photocatalytic process (UV/ZnO) were used. The ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by XRD, SEM and TEM analyses. The maximum dye removal was achieved 97% at the dye initial concentration 25 mg/L, catalyst concentration 3 g/L, contact time 40 min and pH 5. As a real sample, the Yazdbaf textile factory wastewater was selected. After that, the physicochemical quality was evaluated. As well as, in the optimal conditions, the AR18 dye removal efficiency was achieved 65%. The kinetic results demonstrated that the degradation reaction was fitted by
pseudo
-first-order kinetic. The UV/COP hybrid process had high efficiency for removal of resistant dyes from the textile wastewater.
Advantages of this technique were as follows:
ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized as catalyst by thermal method and were immobilized on the stones.
pH changes had no significant effect on the removal efficiency.
In the kinetic studies, the decomposition reaction followed
pseudo
-first order kinetic.
“…It is known that mushrooms have numerous bioactive compounds, including steroids, phenolic compounds, terpenes, and polysaccharides, which have been scientifically proven to be effective antioxidants and high in nutritional value. As mushrooms are rich in adjustable functional surface groups and abundant in nature, they are suitable to be used as biosorbents [21]. Pleurotus eryngii (oyster mushroom, higher Basidiomycetes) is an important group of edible mushrooms that can be used in very important environmental and biotechnological applications such as the degradation of toxic chemicals and hazardous wastes.…”
The green composite chitosan/tripolyphosphate/mushroom (C-TPP-PEE) was synthesized and evaluated for its adsorption performance of the dye Reactive Orange 16 (RO16), by using the batch technique. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and field emission scanning electron microscopy were employed to characterize the C-TPP-PEE. The maximum adsorption capacity of the RO16 dye for batch adsorption was determined as 736 mg g -1 . The experimental kinetic data at equilibrium was found to be best fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The results showed that the adsorption isotherm was best correlated to the Langmuir model. The thermodynamic data indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous, favorable, and endothermic.
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