Mycoplasmas Associated with X-Disease in Various Prunus Species

Granett, A. L.; Gilmer, R. M.

doi:10.1094/phyto-61-1036

Cited by 32 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…ESFY phytoplasmas are members of the apple proliferation (16SrX) group and are distinct from X‐disease phytoplasmas (16SrIII group) that cause Western X and X‐diseases of peach, cherry and nectarine ( P. persica var. nectarina ) (Granett and Gilmer, 1971;Kirkpatrick et al, 1990; The IRPCM Phytoplasma/Spiroplasma Working Team‐Phytoplasma Taxonomy Group, 2004), peach rosette (Kirkpatrick et al., 1975), peach yellow leaf roll (Purcell et al, 1981), little peach and red suture (Scott and Zimmerman, 2001) diseases in North America and Europe. Other phytoplasmas infecting peach include peach yellows phytoplasma from North America and Asia (Jones et al., 1974) which belongs to elm yellows (16SrV) group and ‘ Candidatus ( Ca. )…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of Phytoplasmas Associated with Peach Diseases in Iran

Zirak¹,

Bahar²,

Ahoonmanesh³

2010

Journal of Phytopathology

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Recently, peach trees showing leaf rolling, little leaf, rosetting, yellowing, bronzing of foliage and tattered and shot-holed leaves symptoms were observed in peach growing areas in the central and north-western regions of Iran. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested PCR using phytoplasma universal primer pairs P1/Tint, R16F2/R2, PA2F/R and NPA2F/R were employed to detect phytoplasmas. The nested PCR assays detected phytoplasma infections in 51% of symptomatic peach trees in the major peach production areas in East Azerbaijan, Isfahan, ChaharMahal-O-Bakhtiari and Tehran provinces. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses of 485 bp fragments amplified using primer pair NPA2F/ R in nested PCR revealed that the phytoplasmas associated with infected peaches were genetically different and they were distinct from phytoplasmas that have been associated with peach and almond witchesÕ-broom diseases in the south of Iran. Sequence analyses of partial 16S rDNA and 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer regions demonstrated that ÔCandidatus Phytoplasma aurantifoliaÕ, ÔCa. Phytoplasma solaniÕ and ÔCa. Phytoplasma trifoliiÕ are prevalent in peach growing areas in the central and north-western regions of Iran.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of Phytoplasmas Associated with Peach Diseases in Iran

Zirak¹,

Bahar²,

Ahoonmanesh³

2010

Journal of Phytopathology

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“…X-disease of stone fruits is now attributed to infection of plants by a phytoplasma (formerly mycoplasma-like organism; MLO), a wall-less bacterium embraced taxonomically within the class Mollicutes (Douglas, 1986;Granett & Gilmer, 1971;Jones et al, 1974;Lee et al, 1992;MacBeath et al, 1972;Nasu et al, 1970). In their evolutionary descent from walled bacteria in the Bacillus/ Clostridium group, phytoplasmas underwent extensive genome size reduction (Marcone et al, 1999;Oshima et al, 2004), losing genes that became unnecessary during adaptations to obligate, intracellular parasitism in plant and insect hosts (Davis et al, 2005).…”

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confidence: 99%

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni’, a novel taxon associated with X-disease of stone fruits, Prunus spp.: multilocus characterization based on 16S rRNA, secY, and ribosomal protein genes

Davis

Zhao

Dally

et al. 2013

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

117

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X-disease is one of the most serious diseases known in peach (Prunus persica). Based on RFLP analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, peach X-disease phytoplasma strains from eastern and western United States and eastern Canada were classified in 16S rRNA gene RFLP group 16SrIII, subgroup A. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the X-disease phytoplasma strains formed a distinct subclade within the phytoplasma clade, supporting the hypothesis that they represented a lineage distinct from those of previously described ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ’ species. Nucleotide sequence alignments revealed that all studied X-disease phytoplasma strains shared less than 97.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with previously described ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ’ species. Based on unique properties of the DNA, we propose recognition of X-disease phytoplasma strain PX11CT1R as representative of a novel taxon, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni’. Results from nucleotide and phylogenetic analyses of secY and ribosomal protein (rp) gene sequences provided additional molecular markers of the ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pruni’ lineage. We propose that the term ‘Ca. Phytoplasma pruni’ be applied to phytoplasma strains whose 16S rRNA gene sequences contain the oligonucleotide sequences of unique regions that are designated in the formally published description of the taxon. Such strains include X-disease phytoplasma and - within the tolerance of a single base difference in one unique sequence - peach rosette, peach red suture, and little peach phytoplasmas. Although not employed for taxon delineation in this work, we further propose that secY, rp, and other genetic loci from the reference strain of a taxon, and where possible oligonucleotide sequences of unique regions of those genes that distinguish taxa within a given 16Sr group, be incorporated in emended descriptions and as part of future descriptions of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma ’ taxa.

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“…Other workers (Huang and Nyland, 1970;Granett and Gilmer, 1971;MacBeath, et al, 1972;jones et al, 1974) described mycoplasmalike bodies from tissues of cherry and peach trees, providing additional evidence for a mycoplasma etiology. Nyland (1971) and Nyland and Moller (1973) used field trials to demonstrate that infusion of tetracycline solutions into peach and cherry trees with WXD resulted in remission of symptoms.…”

Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 96%

Pathogen strains and leafhopper species as factors in the transmission of western x-disease agent under varying light and temperature conditions

Gold¹,

Sylvester²

1982

Hilg

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The data base on transmission of western X-disease agent (WXDA) by Colladonus montanus leafhoppers was expanded in studies using celery, Apium graveo/ens as the host. Transmission was affected or limited by the availability threshold, instar efficiency, and acquisition and inoculation rates, along with vector biotype and pathogen strain. Transmission also was moderated by circadian rhythms. Serial passage by injection of the pathogen into a, sequence of healthy insects was accomplished, and some evidence was obtained that [etracydine pressure during serial passage could result in selection of a tetracydineresistant strain of the pathogen. Leafhoppers did not become infectious by membrane-feeding during trials made to concentrate or purify JheWXDA. Comparative tests using C. geminatus, C. montanus, and Eusce/idius oariegatus indicated C. montanus was the most, and E. oariegatus the least, efficient experimental vector. Simultaneous feeding of the three species on a common disease source reduced vector longevity. Transmission efficiency was temperature sensitive. At 30 C, transmission by any species was rare. Comparisons at 20 and 25 C resulted in similar acquisition rates. The median latent period and longevity of both Colladonus species decreased at higher temperatures. Eusce/idius uariegatus however, apparently was not affected by the pathogen and survived longer at 25 C than at 20 C. When inoculated by injection, C. geminatus was a more efficient vector than E. uariegatus under insectary conditions, but the reverse was true under conditions of constant light and temperature. A fourth leafhopper species, Fieberiella florii was similar to C. montanus in acquisition efficiency and transmission of the WXDA, but it had a longer developmental time; thus, transmission could occur in the nymphal stage. The median latent period of the pathogen in F. florii, following inoculation by injection, was half of that when infectivity was established by feeding.

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Mycoplasmas Associated with X-Disease in Various Prunus Species

Cited by 32 publications

References 2 publications

Molecular Characterization of Phytoplasmas Associated with Peach Diseases in Iran

Molecular Characterization of Phytoplasmas Associated with Peach Diseases in Iran

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni’, a novel taxon associated with X-disease of stone fruits, Prunus spp.: multilocus characterization based on 16S rRNA, secY, and ribosomal protein genes

Pathogen strains and leafhopper species as factors in the transmission of western x-disease agent under varying light and temperature conditions

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