Mycophenolic Acid Inhibits Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in Rat Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Clitocybin A, a Novel Isoindolinone, From the Mushroom Clitocybe aurantiaca, Inhibits Cell Proliferation Through G1 Phase Arrest by Regulating the PI3K/Akt Cascade in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

“…ROS have been reported to be critical signaling molecules in cell proliferation, which is important in the development of intimal thickening in atherosclerosis and restenosis (22,23). Antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine inhibited PDGF-BB-induced ROS production by scavenging ROS (22). In addition, a previous report indicated that an antioxidant, ROS scavenger, inhibits Akt activation in VSMCs (24) in agreement with this finding.…”

“…2C), suggesting that clitocybin A inhibited VSMCs proliferation by blocking G1 to S progression. ROS have been reported to be critical signaling molecules in cell proliferation, which is important in the development of intimal thickening in atherosclerosis and restenosis (22,23). Antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine inhibited PDGF-BB-induced ROS production by scavenging ROS (22).…”

Cilostazol Inhibits Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation and Reactive Oxygen Species Production through Activation of AMP-activated Protein Kinase Induced by Heme Oxygenase-1

“…ROS have been proposed to be important signaling molecules in many biological events such as cell proliferation which is important in the pathogenesis of intimal thickening in atherosclerosis [6]. One mechanism by which ROS provoked hypertension is via binding of nitric oxide (NO) and also increases intracellular free Ca 2＋ levels, which contribute to increased vascular tone [7].…”

“…ROS also has been shown to mediate the proliferative effects of many growth factors in VSMC. Several studies have demonstrated that PDGF can evoke intracellular oxidative stress and ROS may act as key mediator in the regulation of PDGF-induced VSMC proliferation [6,8].…”

Anti‐DNA antibody induction of protein kinase C phosphorylation and fibronectin synthesis in human and murine lupus and the effect of mycophenolic acid

“…In rat models of glomerulonephritis, MMF has been shown to reduce renal myofibroblast infiltration, type III collagen deposition, and glomerular crescent formation (12). In vitro studies have also shown that MPA decreases the proliferation of endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, tubular epithelial cells, and mesangial cells (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). Furthermore, MPA was shown to decrease cell activation and matrix synthesis in mesangial cells stimulated with fetal calf serum or transforming growth factor ␤1 (TGF␤1) (18).…”