Myconanoparticles: synthesis and their role in phytopathogens management

Abstract

Nanotechnology can offer green and eco-friendly alternatives for plant disease management. Apart from being eco-friendly, fungi are used as bio-manufacturing units, which will provide an added benefit in being easy to use, as compared to other microbes. The non-pathogenic nature of some fungal species in combination with the simplicity of production and handling will improve the mass production of silver nanoparticles. Recently, a diverse range of fungi have been screened for their ability to create silver nanoparticles. Mycosynthesis of gold, silver, gold–silver alloy, selenium, tellurium, platinum, palladium, silica, titania, zirconia, quantum dots, usnic acid, magnetite, cadmium telluride and uraninite nanoparticles has also been reported by various researchers. Nanotechnological application in plant pathology is still in the early stages. For example, nanofungicides, nanopesticides and nanoherbicides are being used extensively in agriculture practices. Remote activation and monitoring of intelligent nano-delivery systems can assist agricultural growers of the future to minimize fungicides and pesticides use. Nanoparticle-mediated gene transfer would be useful for improvement of crops resistant to pathogens and pest. This review critically assesses the role of fungi in the synthesis of nanoparticles, the mechanism involved in the synthesis, the effect of different factors on the reduction of metal ions in developing low-cost techniques for the synthesis and recovery of nanoparticles. Moreover, the application of nanoparticles in plant disease control, antimicrobial mechanisms, and nanotoxicity on plant ecosystem and soil microbial communities has also been discussed in detail.

Engineering tailored nanoparticles with microbes: quo vadis?

“…In microbial bioreduction processes, a myriad of proteins, carbohydrates, and biomembranes are involved. Nanoparticles are formed on cell wall surfaces and the first step in bioreduction is the trapping of the metal ions on its surface, which occurs due to the electrostatic interaction between the metal ions and negatively charged groups in enzymes present at the cell wall . This is followed by enzymatic reduction of the metal ions leading to the formation of nanoparticles.…”

Characterization and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles mycosynthesized by Aspergillus brasiliensis

“…Nanoparticles (NPs) are particles in the size range of 1–100 nm and form building blocks of nanotechnology (Alghuthaymi et al . ). NPs produced by physical and chemical methods are complicated, outdated, expensive and produce hazardous toxic wastage, which is harmful to environment as well as human health.…”

Biogenic silver nanoparticles from Trichodesma indicum aqueous leaf extract against Mythimna separata and evaluation of its larvicidal efficacy

“…Various forms of Ag NPs have been tested to examine their antifungal activity especially on two plant pathogenic fungi: Bipolaris sorokiniana and Magnaporthe grisea. In recent studies (in vitro and in vivo) on the effi cacy of Ag NPs against powdery mildew before and aft er a disease outburst in plants under diverse cultivation circumstances, there was signifi cant inhibition of the growth of fungal hyphae with the Ag NPs (Lamsal et al 2011;Alghuthaymi et al 2015;Megeed et al 2015). Th erefore, metal nanoparticles could be an improved option for insecticides.…”