Mycolic acid-containing bacteria trigger distinct types of membrane vesicles through different routes

Surface-Shaving Proteomics of Mycobacterium marinum Identifies Biofilm Subtype-Specific Changes Affecting Virulence, Tolerance, and Persistence

“…This report supports the idea that the identified mycomembrane/inner membrane proteins could have also entered the biofilm ECMs by MVs in our study. We further propose that CwlM, an N -acetylmuramoyl- l -alanine amidase ( 41 , 42 ), detected in 1-week-old SBFs, is involved in this process, as weakening the link between the mycomembrane and peptidoglycan has been suggested to stimulate MV blebbing in the mycobacteria ( 38 ). Taken together, these findings may explain why more cytoplasmic proteins were detected in this biofilm subtype, as the maturing biofilm cells grow under reduced oxygen tension and anoxia is one of the factors able to trigger membrane vesiculation.…”

“…These findings are supported by studies identifying cytoplasmic proteins in the capsule of another Mmr strain (E11) and by showing that their number increases when mycobacterial cells grow in the biofilms, as demonstrated for Mycobacterium bovis ( 17 , 20 ). Membrane vesiculation is the most likely explanation for their presence on Mmr cells and within the biofilm ECM, as several reports have demonstrated the presence of membrane vesicles (MVs) on mycobacterial cells ( 38 ) as well as trapped in biofilm ECMs in other bacteria ( 39 ). In addition, several of the cytoplasmic and inner membrane/mycomembrane proteins detected here, including, e.g., enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis and lipid/fatty acid metabolism, were previously identified in MVs released by Mycobacterium avium 104 in response to starvation ( 40 ).…”

“…In addition, several of the cytoplasmic and inner membrane/mycomembrane proteins detected here, including, e.g., enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis and lipid/fatty acid metabolism, were previously identified in MVs released by Mycobacterium avium 104 in response to starvation ( 40 ). Mycobacteria have been shown to form MVs from mycomembrane (mMV) during normal growth (cell lysis/death) and/or from the inner membrane (iMV) by blebbing in response to stress (e.g., iron limitation and anoxia) ( 38 ). This report supports the idea that the identified mycomembrane/inner membrane proteins could have also entered the biofilm ECMs by MVs in our study.…”

Biological Functions and Applications of Virus-Related Bacterial Nanoparticles: A Review

“…Moreover, the phage-mediated mechanism of MV biogenesis has also been found in gram-positive bacteria and mycolic acid-containing bacteria [71,72]. In this case, upon the onset of lytic processes, the cytoplasmic membrane of cells protrudes through the holes in the peptidoglycan layer that are formed by endolysin, which eventually leads to MV formation [71,72].…”

Intimate relationships among soil bacteria: actinomycetes and mycolic acid-containing bacteria

“…Interspecies co-aggregation facilitates bacterial communication over physically short distances. 34 Several strategies are known for bacterial communication such as using small signaling molecules, 35 membrane vesicles, 36,37 and cell-cell physically-dependent communication over short distances, 38,39 including interspecies communication. 40 The interactions observed by SEM imaging did not provide evidential proof of known bacterial communication strategies.…”