Mycobacterium ulcerans and Mycobacterium marinum: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment

Tan, Loh Teng‐Hern; Raghunath, Pendru; Ming, Long Chiau; Law, Jodi Woan‐Fei

doi:10.36877/pmmb.a0000114

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 69 publications

(72 reference statements)

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“…Currently, it is widely believed in the academic community that SGM have undergone a large-scale gene loss during their long evolutionary journey to adapt to harsher environments ( Stinear et al, 2007 ; Wee et al, 2017 ; Tan et al, 2020 ). However, what genes they lost is not fully understood by current research.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative genomic analysis reveals differential genomic characteristics and featured genes between rapid- and slow-growing non-tuberculous mycobacteria

Zhang,

Wang,

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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IntroductionNon-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is a major category of environmental bacteria in nature that can be divided into rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) and slowly growing mycobacteria (SGM) based on their distinct growth rates. To explore differential molecular mechanisms between RGM and SGM is crucial to understand their survival state, environmental/host adaptation and pathogenicity. Comparative genomic analysis provides a powerful tool for deeply investigating differential molecular mechanisms between them. However, large-scale comparative genomic analysis between RGM and SGM is still uncovered.MethodsIn this study, we screened 335 high-quality, non-redundant NTM genome sequences covering 187 species from 3,478 online NTM genomes, and then performed a comprehensive comparative genomic analysis to identify differential genomic characteristics and featured genes/protein domains between RGM and SGM.ResultsOur findings reveal that RGM has a larger genome size, more genes, lower GC content, and more featured genes/protein domains in metabolism of some main substances (e.g. carbohydrates, amino acids, nucleotides, ions, and coenzymes), energy metabolism, signal transduction, replication, transcription, and translation processes, which are essential for its rapid growth requirements. On the other hand, SGM has a smaller genome size, fewer genes, higher GC content, and more featured genes/protein domains in lipid and secondary metabolite metabolisms and cellular defense mechanisms, which help enhance its genome stability and environmental adaptability. Additionally, orthogroup analysis revealed the important roles of bacterial division and bacteriophage associated genes in RGM and secretion system related genes for better environmental adaptation in SGM. Notably, PCoA analysis of the top 20 genes/protein domains showed precision classification between RGM and SGM, indicating the credibility of our screening/classification strategies.DiscussionOverall, our findings shed light on differential underlying molecular mechanisms in survival state, adaptation and pathogenicity between RGM and SGM, show the potential for our comparative genomic pipeline to investigate differential genes/protein domains at whole genomic level across different bacterial species on a large scale, and provide an important reference and improved understanding of NTM.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative genomic analysis reveals differential genomic characteristics and featured genes between rapid- and slow-growing non-tuberculous mycobacteria

Zhang,

Wang,

et al. 2023

Front. Microbiol.

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“…However, some members of this genus, such as M. tb and Mycobacterium leprae , are extremely successful human pathogens, being the causative agents of TB and leprosy, respectively ( Gupta et al, 2018 ). Similarly, Mycobacterium marinum and Mycobacterium ulcerans are NTM infections acquired by environmental exposure but are adept at establishing cutaneous infection in humans ( Tan et al, 2020 ). The success of these species is tied closely with their ability to survive within the host using an extensive collection of Mycobacteria-specific VFs.…”

Section: Mycobacteria-specific Virulence Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Virulence Mechanisms of Mycobacterium abscessus: Current Knowledge and Implications for Vaccine Design

et al. 2022

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Mycobacterium abscessus is a member of the non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) group, responsible for chronic infections in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) or those otherwise immunocompromised. While viewed traditionally as an opportunistic pathogen, increasing research into M. abscessus in recent years has highlighted its continued evolution into a true pathogen. This is demonstrated through an extensive collection of virulence factors (VFs) possessed by this organism which facilitate survival within the host, particularly in the harsh environment of the CF lung. These include VFs resembling those of other Mycobacteria, and non-mycobacterial VFs, both of which make a notable contribution in shaping M. abscessus interaction with the host. Mycobacterium abscessus continued acquisition of VFs is cause for concern and highlights the need for novel vaccination strategies to combat this pathogen. An effective M. abscessus vaccine must be suitably designed for target populations (i.e., individuals with CF) and incorporate current knowledge on immune correlates of protection against M. abscessus infection. Vaccination strategies must also build upon lessons learned from ongoing efforts to develop novel vaccines for other pathogens, particularly Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb); decades of research into M. tb has provided insight into unconventional and innovative vaccine approaches that may be applied to M. abscessus. Continued research into M. abscessus pathogenesis will be critical for the future development of safe and effective vaccines and therapeutics to reduce global incidence of this emerging pathogen.

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“…identified to possess the ability to parasitize amoebae, specifically Acanthamoeba and Naegleria [32] . Thus, these protozoans act as a vector of various pathogenic microorganisms [33] , including Legionella, and facilitates pathogen dissemination. Being an intracellular pathogen, Legionella sp.…”

Section: Sources Of Legionella Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Legionella pneumophila — The causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease

Tan¹,

Tee²,

Khan³

et al. 2021

Prog Micobes Mol Biol

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Over the years, Legionella pneumophila has increasingly become a public health threat that causes sporadic and epidemic community-acquired and nosocomial-acquired pneumonia. Thus, this review aims to discuss the current knowledge of L. pneumophila, focusing on the global epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of Legionnaires’ disease (LD). Legionella bacteria are Gram-negative rod-shaped bacteria that are ubiquitous in aquatic environments. L. pneumophila was first discovered in 1976 and recognized as the causative agent of LD. L. pneumophila is a facultative intracellular pathogen that infects and replicates within eukaryotic host cells such as macrophages and protozoan. Diagnosis of LD remains a significant challenge as the clinical manifestation of LD is hardly distinguishable from pneumonia caused by other respiratory pathogens. Therefore, early testing and appropriate treatment are keys to alleviating the rising morbidity and mortality caused by LD.

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Mycobacterium ulcerans and Mycobacterium marinum: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment

Cited by 6 publications

References 69 publications

Comparative genomic analysis reveals differential genomic characteristics and featured genes between rapid- and slow-growing non-tuberculous mycobacteria

Comparative genomic analysis reveals differential genomic characteristics and featured genes between rapid- and slow-growing non-tuberculous mycobacteria

Virulence Mechanisms of Mycobacterium abscessus: Current Knowledge and Implications for Vaccine Design

Legionella pneumophila — The causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease

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