Mycobacterium Szulgai Infection in a Captive Population of African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus Tropicalis)

Chai, Norin; Deforges, Lionel; Sougakoff, Wladimir; Truffot-Pernot, C.; Luze, Amaury de; Demeneix, Barbara; Clément, Marie; Bomsel, Marie Claude

doi:10.1638/04-064.1

Cited by 26 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…Granulomatous inflammation with the presences of epi thelioid macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, and intralesional acid-fast positive bacilli is a consistent finding in these studies (Ramakrishnan et al 1997, Green et al 2000, Trott et al 2004, Chai et al 2006, Ferreira et al 2006, Sánchez-Morgado et al 2009, Fremont-Rahl et al 2011, Haridy et al 2014. Previous in vitro studies have suggested that salamanders may have a weak adaptive im mune response compared to Xenopus spp.…”

Section: Non-granulomatous Mycobacteriosis In 14 Hongsupporting

confidence: 56%

“…To our knowledge, mycobacteriosis has not been reported in salamanders, but has been reported in other amphibians, including M. chelonae in South African clawed frogs Xenopus laevis (Green et al 2000); M. gordonae, M. liflandii, and M. szulgai in African clawed frogs Xenopus tropicalis (Chai et al 2006, Sánchez-Morgado et al 2009, Fremont-Rahl et al 2011; and M. marinum in bullfrogs Rana catesbeiana, Japanese forest green tree frogs Rhacophorus arboreus, and leopard frogs Rana pipiens (Ramakrishnan et al 1997, Ferreira et al 2006, Haridy et al 2014. Granulomatous inflammation with the presences of epi thelioid macrophages, multinucleated giant cells, and intralesional acid-fast positive bacilli is a consistent finding in these studies (Ramakrishnan et al 1997, Green et al 2000, Trott et al 2004, Chai et al 2006, Ferreira et al 2006, Sánchez-Morgado et al 2009, Fremont-Rahl et al 2011, Haridy et al 2014.…”

Section: Non-granulomatous Mycobacteriosis In 14 Hongmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Therefore, the zoonotic potential of some infectious diseases in amphibians and in exotic companion animals should not be overlooked. The lesions caused by mycobacteria are granulomas in the skin and multiple internal organs, with varying numbers of acidfast positive bacilli (Green et al 2000, Chai et al 2006, Ferreira et al 2006, Sánchez-Morgado et al 2009, Fremont-Rahl et al 2011, Haridy et al 2014. A group of myco bacteria called mycolactone-producing mycobacteria (MPM), harboring a mycolactoneproducing plasmid, is able to generate an immunosuppressive and cytotoxic toxin (mycolactone), which is considered an important virulence factor in MPM infection .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Mycolactone-producing Mycobacterium marinum infection in captive Hong Kong warty newts and pathological evidence of impaired host immune function

Chang²,

Pang³

et al. 2017

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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A mass mortality event of captive Hong Kong warty newts Paramesotriton hongkongensis with non-granulomatous necrotic lesions occurred in Taipei Zoo, Taiwan, in 2014. Clinically, the sick newts were lethargic and often covered with water mold Saprolegnia sp. on the skin of the body trunk or extremities. Predominant pathological findings were multifocal nongranulomatous necrotic lesions in the liver, spleen, and kidneys and severe skin infection with Sapro legnia sp., with deep invasion and involvement of underlying muscles. The possibility of ranavirus infection was ruled out by negative PCR results. Unexpectedly, abundant intralesional acid-fast positive bacilli were found in the necrotic lesions of the liver, spleen, and kidney in all 14 sick newts. PCR targeting the hsp65, ITS region, and partial 16S rRNA genes was performed, and the sequence identity from amplified amplicons of hsp65 and partial 16S rRNA genes was 100% identical to that of the corresponding gene fragment of Mycobacterium marinum. Further molecular investigations demonstrated that the current M. marinum was a mycolactone-producing myco bacterium with the presence of esxA/esxB genes. Mycolactone is a plasmid-encoded, immunosuppressive, and cytotoxic toxin. The possible immunosuppression phenomenon characterized by systemic non-granulomatous necrotic lesions caused by M. marinum and the unusual deep invasive infection caused by water mold might be associated with the immunosuppressive effect of mycolactone. Therefore, it should be noted that non-granulomatous necrotic lesions in amphibians can be caused not only by ranavirus infection but also by mycobacteriosis.KEY WORDS: Hong Kong warty newt · Mycobacterium marinum · Mycolactone · Saprolegnia sp. Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 123: [239][240][241][242][243][244][245][246][247][248][249] 2017 al. 2011). At least 72 amphibian species in 14 families are known to have been infected by ranaviruses, and host susceptibility varies among species and developmental stages (Miller et al. 2011). The histopathological lesions caused by ranaviruses are multifocal hemorrhagic and necrotic foci in multiple internal organs, and the renal tubular epithelium is also considered as one of the primary targets (Robert et al. 2005, Gray et al. 2009, Miller et al. 2011. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis is the cau sative agent of chytridiomycosis, a potentially fatal epidermal infection in amphibians (Van Rooij et al. 2015). Recently, a new species of Batrachochytrium sp., named B. salamandrivorans, was discovered (Martel et al. 2014). This species, which most likely originated in Asia, is highly pathogenic to salamanders (Martel et al. 2014).Infectious diseases in amphibians such as mycobacteriosis, do not only affect ectothermic vertebrates, but can also cause disease in mammals, including humans (Densmore & Green 2007). Therefore, the zoonotic potential of some infectious diseases in amphibians and in exotic companion animals should not be overl...

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Section: Non-granulomatous Mycobacteriosis In 14 Hongsupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Non-granulomatous Mycobacteriosis In 14 Hongmentioning

confidence: 83%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mycolactone-producing Mycobacterium marinum infection in captive Hong Kong warty newts and pathological evidence of impaired host immune function

Chang²,

Pang³

et al. 2017

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Multiple species of NTM have been isolated from frogs, including M. marinum , 9,25 Mycobacterium chelonae , 15 Mycobacterium gordonae , 28 Mycobacterium szulgai , 7 Mycobacterium xenopi , 29 and Mycobacterium liflandii. 12,34 M. liflandii was first isolated in a 2001 outbreak of mycobacteriosis in a colony of X.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacterium liflandiiOutbreak in a Research Colony ofXenopus (Silurana) tropicalisFrogs

Fremont-Rahl

Williamson

et al. 2010

Vet Pathol

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A research colony of Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis frogs presented with nodular and ulcerative skin lesions. Additional consistent gross findings included splenomegaly with multiple tan-yellow nodular foci in the spleen and liver of diseased frogs. Copious acid-fast positive bacteria were present in touch impression smears of spleen, skin, and livers of diseased frogs. Histologically, necrotizing and granulomatous dermatitis, splenitis, and hepatitis with numerous acid-fast bacilli were consistently present, indicative of systemic mycobacteriosis. Infrequently, granulomatous inflammation was noted in the lungs, pancreas, coelomic membranes, and rarely reproductive organs. Ultrastructurally, both extracellular bacilli and intracellular bacilli within macrophages were identified. Frogs in the affected room were systematically depopulated, and control measures were initiated. Cultured mycobacteria from affected organs were identified and genetically characterized as Mycobacterium liflandii by polymerase chain reaction amplification of the enoyl reductase domain and specific variable numbers of tandem repeats. In recent years, M. liflandii has had a devastating impact on research frog colonies throughout the United States. This detailed report with ultrastructural description of M. liflandii aids in further understanding of this serious disease in frogs.

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“…Western blot analysis was useful in the case of the Addax to differentiate it from M. bovis. Mycobacterium szulgai was recently implicated as the cause of osteoarthritis and pneumonia in African elephants (C. Lacasse et al , 2007), but could also create severe liver lesions in amphibians (Chai et al , 2006) and pneumonia in crocodiles (Roh et al , 2010).…”

Section: Ntmmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycobacterial infections in zoo animals: relevance, diagnosis and management*

Lécu¹,

Ball²

2011

International Zoo Yearbook

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While the world prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) is increasing in the human population, TB infection remains a real concern in some animal populations all around the globe. Most mycobacteria of the TB complex are able to infect zoo and wildlife species, in which the pathogenesis, receptivity and immune responses vary widely. The diagnostic tools usually applied in domestic animals show limited performance in zoo species, especially when prevalence is low. Conversely, investigations of cell‐mediated immunity through in vitro assay of γ‐interferon may have numerous advantages, as long as the technical limits are known and can be improved upon. Furthermore, recent tools based on the investigation of humoral immunity seem very promising for the detection of antibodies directed against certain immunogenic mycobacterial antigens in a wide range of species. All these methods are currently evaluated in field studies, despite the difficulties to ensure rigorous validation. The development of these diagnostic tools is also impaired by the prevalence of mycobacteria other than TB also able to infect and create relevant disease in their host. Thus, decisions on positive and suspicious‐animals issues should be taken based on the evaluation of the risk of transmission to the rest of the zoological collection, the possible treatment options, animal welfare, conservation considerations and, of course, the zoonotic potential of this pathogen.

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Mycobacterium Szulgai Infection in a Captive Population of African Clawed Frogs (Xenopus Tropicalis)

Cited by 26 publications

References 9 publications

Mycolactone-producing Mycobacterium marinum infection in captive Hong Kong warty newts and pathological evidence of impaired host immune function

Mycolactone-producing Mycobacterium marinum infection in captive Hong Kong warty newts and pathological evidence of impaired host immune function

Mycobacterium liflandiiOutbreak in a Research Colony ofXenopus (Silurana) tropicalisFrogs

Mycobacterial infections in zoo animals: relevance, diagnosis and management*

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