Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Virulence: A Review

Ssekitoleko, Judah; Ojok, Lonzy; Wahed, Ahmed Abd El; Erume, Joseph; Amanzada, Ahmad; Eltayeb, ElSagad; Eltom, Kamal H.; Okuni, Julius Boniface

doi:10.3390/microorganisms9122623

Cited by 11 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…In addition to examining the phylogeny of SNPs and transmission patterns in herds, the presence of many SNPs in several virulence gene families may help improve our current knowledge of MAP virulence. The virulence factors explored in this study, namely the proline-glutamate/proline-proline-glutamate motif (PE/PPE) genes, mycobacterial membrane protein Large (mmpL), and the mammalian cell entry (mce) operons, were chosen on the basis of studies on the pathogenicity of Mtb and M. avium ( Lim et al, 2021 ; Ssekitoleko et al, 2021 ). We examined the presence of genetic polymorphisms in PE/PPE, mmpL, and mce genes from each of our field isolates and noted variations present within these genes ( Tables 1 – 3 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from Canadian dairy herds provides evidence for multiple infection events

et al. 2023

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the pathogen responsible for paratuberculosis or Johne’s Disease (JD) in ruminants, which is responsible for substantial economic losses worldwide. MAP transmission primarily occurs through the fecal-oral route, and the introduction of an MAP infected animal into a herd is an important transmission route. In the current study, we characterized MAP isolates from 67 cows identified in 20 herds from the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, Canada. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed and an average genome coverage (relative to K-10) of ∼14.9 fold was achieved. The total number of SNPs present in each isolate varied from 51 to 132 and differed significantly between herds. Isolates with the highest genetic variability were generally present in herds from Quebec. The isolates were broadly separated into two main clades and this distinction was not influenced by the province from which they originated. Analysis of 8 MIRU-VNTR loci and 11 SSR loci was performed on the 67 isolates from the 20 dairy herds and publicly available references, notably major genetic lineages and six isolates from the province of Newfoundland and Labrador. All 67 field isolates were phylogenetically classified as Type II (C-type) and according to MIRU-VNTR, the predominant type was INMV 2 (76.1%) among four distinct patterns. Multilocus SSR typing identified 49 distinct INMV SSR patterns. The discriminatory index of the multilocus SSR typing was 0.9846, which was much higher than MIRU-VNTR typing (0.3740). Although multilocus SSR analysis provides good discriminatory power, the resolution was not informative enough to determine inter-herd transmission. In select cases, SNP-based analysis was the only approach able to document disease transmission between herds, further validated by animal movement data. The presence of SNPs in several virulence genes, notably for PE, PPE, mce and mmpL, is expected to explain differential antigenic or pathogenetic host responses. SNP-based studies will provide insight into how MAP genetic variation may impact host-pathogen interactions. Our study highlights the informative power of WGS which is now recommended for epidemiological studies and to document mixed genotypes infections.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from Canadian dairy herds provides evidence for multiple infection events

et al. 2023

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“…Due to its fastidious nature, colonies take at least eight (8) weeks to appear when isolated on a media (Pal et al, 2015;Okuni et al, 2020). Colony growth can be observed on Herrold's egg yolk medium (HEYM) (Pal et al, 2015;Okuni et al, 2020;OIE, 2021;Idris et al, 2022), modified Lowenstein-Jensen media (Valentin-Weigand & Goethe 1999;Singh et al, 2018;Idris et al, 2022), Middlebrook agar; 7H9, 7H10, 7H11, 7H12 Bactec (Ristow et al, 2006;Okuni et al, 2020;OIE, 2021;Ssekitoleko et al, 2021), Watson-Reid agar (Cocito et al, 1994;Valentin-Weigand and Goethe 1999), modified Dubos's medium (OIE, 2021). Due to the failure of MAP to synthesize mycobactin (iron chelating compound), most of these growth media are enriched externally with mycobactin (Manning & Collins, 2001;Grant, 2005;Radostits et al, 2006;Idris et al, 2022) needed for MAP growth, a distinctive feature that differentiates it from other Mycobacteria (Grant, 2005;Okuni et al, 2020).…”

Section: Report Of Paratuberculosis In Nigeriamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on pigmentation and growth rate, two strains of M. a. ptb have been identified (Figure 1); Type I/III (sheep type or type S) and Type II (cattle type or type C) (Bryant et al, 2016;Ssekitoleko et al, 2021). Ovine hosts are mainly affected by Type I strains, while cattle, deer, goats, sheep, and other ruminants are affected by Type II strains.…”

Section: Report Of Paratuberculosis In Nigeriamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…MAP, first isolated from bison in Montana, United States of America (USA), has been classified based on single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis of IS1311 as Type B (India bison type) isolated from animals in India was found to differ from those isolated from USA base on molecular analysis. Type B stains are a sub-lineage of Type C (Stevenson, 2015;Ssekitoleko et al, 2021). Pathophysiology M. a. ptb is transmitted primarily through the fecal-oral route with young calves mostly infected (Ssekitoleko et al, 2021;Corneli et al, 2021) through ingestion of contaminated water, feces, milk/colostrum, or oral contact with contaminated udders, soil, or surfaces.…”

Section: Report Of Paratuberculosis In Nigeriamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Type B stains are a sub-lineage of Type C (Stevenson, 2015;Ssekitoleko et al, 2021). Pathophysiology M. a. ptb is transmitted primarily through the fecal-oral route with young calves mostly infected (Ssekitoleko et al, 2021;Corneli et al, 2021) through ingestion of contaminated water, feces, milk/colostrum, or oral contact with contaminated udders, soil, or surfaces. Transmission via body fluids such as semen, uterine fluid, and saliva has been reported (Grant, 2005;Arsenault et al, 2014;Maroudam et al, 2015;Corneli et al, 2021;Field et al, 2022).…”

Section: Report Of Paratuberculosis In Nigeriamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paratuberculosis Cases in the Livestock Industry in Nigeria: A Review

Gana,

Kuyet,

Abdurrahman

2023

Ukr. Jour. of Vet. and Agr. Sci.

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Paratuberculosis, also known as Johne’s (Yo’-ness) disease, is a significant bacterial disease of large and small ruminants, including other animals, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Due to its impact on animal health and severe economic loss, the disease is recognized and reported in developed countries as a significant disease of livestock importance. The paper aims to review the current information about paratuberculosis in Nigeria. About 95 research articles were downloaded from various online journals databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, Research Gate, PubMed, and CABI abstracts based on the following keywords: Johne’s disease, paratuberculosis, Africa, prevalence, Nigeria, report, occurrence, and Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. In addition to the perusal of organization databases, 60 research articles were used in writing this review article. Few cases and suspected cases of paraTB were reported in Nigeria by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Despite growing global concerns, Johne's disease can be considered an unreported disease of livestock animals in Nigeria based on the knowledge gap and lack of reports about this significant disease of livestock animals. Studies need to be carried out to address the knowledge gaps before the disease becomes endemic and causes severe economic and public health menace in Nigeria and, by extension, Sub-Saharan Africa.

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Pathogenic mechanisms and etiologic aspects of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis as an infectious cause of cutaneous melanoma

Pierce,

Jindal,

Choi

et al. 2024

MedComm – Oncology

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Infectious etiologies have previously been proposed as causes of both melanoma and non‐melanoma skin cancer. This exploratory overview explains and presents the evidence for the hypothesis that a microorganism excreted in infected ruminant animal feces, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), is the cause of some cases of cutaneous melanoma (CM). Occupational, residential, and recreational contact with MAP‐contaminated feces, soil, sand, and natural bodies of water may confer a higher rate of CM. Included in our hypothesis are possible reasons for the differing rates and locations of CM in persons with white versus nonwhite skin, why CM develops underneath nails and in vulvar skin, why canine melanoma is an excellent model for human melanoma, and why the Bacille Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) vaccine has demonstrated efficacy in the prevention and treatment of CM. The pathogenic mechanisms and etiologic aspects of MAP, as a transmittable agent underlying CM risk, are carefully deliberated in this paper. Imbalances in gut and skin bacteria, genetic risk factors, and vaccine prevention/therapy are also discussed, while acknowledging that the evidence for a causal association between MAP exposure and CM remains circumstantial.

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis Virulence: A Review

Cited by 11 publications

References 117 publications

Genomic epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from Canadian dairy herds provides evidence for multiple infection events

Genomic epidemiology of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from Canadian dairy herds provides evidence for multiple infection events

Paratuberculosis Cases in the Livestock Industry in Nigeria: A Review

Pathogenic mechanisms and etiologic aspects of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis as an infectious cause of cutaneous melanoma

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