Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection

Young, Lowell S.

doi:10.1093/infdis/157.5.863

Cited by 205 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…At our hospital the first case of AIDS was diagnosed in late 1984.There is therefore a lag time of about four years for AIDS cases, compared with large cities such as San Francisco and New York [36]. This explains our low incidence of AIDS-related diseases and, particularly, the lack of infections with atypical mycobacteria that commonly appear late in the evolution of HIV infection [37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Infectious Complications in Drug Addicts: Seven-Year Review of 269 Hospitalized Narcotics Abusers in Switzerland

Scheidegger

Zimmerli

1989

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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In a retrospective survey of patients hospitalized in the Department of Medicine of the University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland, from 1980to 1986, we found 269 patients with history of past or current drug abuse. The charts of these patients were analyzed for infectious complications according to defined criteria. Heroin was the principal drug consumed by 95010. In 127patients (47010) at least one infectious complication was diagnosed. In 125(31010) of 404 admissions, the infectious problem was the main reason for hospitalization. Among the 269 patients, 217 infective episodes occurred. Pulmonary infections were the most frequently occurring (52 episodes). There were 44 cases of viral hepatitis, 30 of human immunodeficiency virus infection, and 25 of minor genital infections. Bone and joint infections and sepsis/endocarditis werediagnosed in seven cases each. The overall mortality was 4.1070; however, only three of the 11 deaths were attributed to infections. Intravenous drug addiction is complicated by a high morbidity because of infections that were seldom lethal during the observed period.Intravenous drug addicts are a population at risk for infectious complications such as bacteremia, fungemia, endocarditis, pneumonia, arthritis, osteomyelitis, septic thrombophlebitis, soft tissue infections, venereal diseases, viral hepatitis, and infections with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) . Between the 1940s and the 1970s, several publications covered the whole spectrum of infections [23][24][25][26][27][28][29], whereas in the recent literature, more attention has been given to single infections in narcotics abusers . The present report describes all infectious complications among drug addicts that have been diagnosed at the medical department of the Basel University Hospital (Basel, Switzerland) between 1980 and 1986. The frequencies and etiologies of the particular infections are presented and compared with those described in the literature.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Infectious Complications in Drug Addicts: Seven-Year Review of 269 Hospitalized Narcotics Abusers in Switzerland

Scheidegger

Zimmerli

1989

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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“…avium complex infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for AIDS patients. These patients tend to develop bacteraemia and disseminated infections late in the course of the disease (Hawkins etal., 1986;Inderlied etal., 1993;Young, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phage infection, transfection and transformation of Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

et al. 1995

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Mycobacterium awium complex strains and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis are closely related intracellular pathogens affecting humans and animals. M. awium complex infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in AIDS patients, and M. paratuberculosis is the agent of Johne's disease in ruminants. Genetic manipulation of these micro-organisms would facilitate the understanding of their pathogenesis, the construction of attenuated vaccine strains and the development of new drugs and treatment methods. This paper describes the replication of mycobacterial shuttle phasmids and plasmids, and the expression of the firefly luciferase reporter gene in M. awium complex and M. paratuberculosis. The mycobacteriophage TM4 propagated on M. smegmatis or M. paratuberculosis plaqued at the same efficiency on these two mycobacterial hosts. Screening of M. awium complex and M. paratubemulosis clinical isolates with T W e r i v e d luciferase reporter phages demonstrated that the majority of these isolates were susceptible t o TM4. Conditions for introduction of DNA were determined by transfection of M. paratuberculosis with TM4 DNA and applied t o isolate kanamycin-resistant transformants of M. a wium complex and M. paratubemulosir with ischerichia coli-Mycobacterium shuttle plasmids. Recombinant plasmids were recovered from transformanb without apparent loss of DNA sequences. These results provide the basis for the genetic manipulation of these pathogenic mycobacterial species. were grown standing at 37 OC in Middlebrook 7H9 broth, adjusted to pH 5.9, and supplemented with oleic acid/albumin/dextrose complex and 005 % Tween 80. Ferric mycobactin J (Allied Monitor) at 1.0 pg ml-' was added for M. paratuberculosis cultures. For solid media, Tween was omitted and Bacto Agar was added to 7H9 Middlebrook medium at 15 g 1-l. High-titre lysates were prepared and purified by caesium chloride equilibrium density centrifugation, as previously described (Jacobs et al., 1991). Mycobacteriophage infection assays.Phage lysates (0.1 ml of duplicate 10-fold serial dilutions) were incubated with 0.2 ml of fresh mycobacterial cultures, corresponding to approximately 3.0 x lo7 c.f.u., for 30 min at room temperature. Middlebrook 7H9 soft agar (0.7 %) was added, and the cells were plated on 7H9 Middlebrook medium by the soft agar layer method as described by Adams (1959) and incubated at 37 OC until either plaques or confluent lawns developed (1 to 3 d for M. smegmatis, 2 to 4 weeks for M. avium complex strains and M. paratuberculosis). Phage titres were determined at dilutions that gave single isolated plaques to exclude the possibility of lysis from without.Infection with luciferase reporter phasmids and luciferase assays. Infection with luciferase reporter phages and luciferase assays were performed as described by Jacobs et al. (1993). Mycobacterial cultures were grown to exponential phase (OD,,, 0-2; approximately 6.0 x lo7 c.f.u. ml-l) in Middlebrook 7H9 medium, washed three times in growth medium without Tween, 1984), was likely ...

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“…The incidence of infection and the extent of disease caused by Mycobactenum avium in AIDS patients are well documented (3,19,20,26,45). The most urgent problem associated with M avium infections in these patients is the lack of definition of a standard optimal antimicrobial therapy.…”

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confidence: 99%

A bone marrow-derived murine macrophage model for evaluating efficacy of antimycobacterial drugs under relevant physiological conditions

Skinner

Furney

Jacobs

et al. 1994

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Even though the macrophage is the host cell for the intracellular bacterial parasite Mycobacterium avium, macrophages have undergone only limited evaluation as models for determining the capacities of antimycobacterial drugs to inhibit the growth of M. avium within this relevant intracellular environment. In the present study, we demonstrated that a panel of M. avium isolates could actively infect homogeneous monolayers of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. A number of established and experimental antimycobacterial drugs were then added to these cultures at a range of concentrations, and their effects on the numbers of surviving bacilli were determined 8 days later. By plotting such numbers versus drug concentrations it was then possible to clearly distinguish between compounds with bactericidal activity (such as rifabutin and PD 125354) and those with bacteriostatic effects (such as clarithromycin), even though several of these compounds had very similar MICs. In addition, an estimate of the potential therapeutic efficiency of each drug could be made by determining the concentration needed to destroy an arbitrary percentage of the inoculum (in this case, the bactericidal concentration destroying 99%o of the inoculum). Such values were considerably in excess of the MICs and may more realistically reflect the concentrations in serum required to electively reduce the bacterial burden in vivo.

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Mycobacterium avium Complex Infection

Cited by 205 publications

References 14 publications

Infectious Complications in Drug Addicts: Seven-Year Review of 269 Hospitalized Narcotics Abusers in Switzerland

Infectious Complications in Drug Addicts: Seven-Year Review of 269 Hospitalized Narcotics Abusers in Switzerland

Phage infection, transfection and transformation of Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

A bone marrow-derived murine macrophage model for evaluating efficacy of antimycobacterial drugs under relevant physiological conditions

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