Myanmar Coastal Area Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

Swe, Tint Lwin; Satake, Kenji; Aung, Than Tin; Sawai, Yuki; Okamura, Yukinobu; Win, Kyaw Soe; Swe, Win; Swe, Chit; Tun, Soe Thura; Soe, Maung Maung; Oo, Thantzin; Zaw, Saw Htwe

doi:10.1193/1.2206158

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…In S2, no impact is observed, whereas in S3 the whole coast is hit by 3–4 m high waves. In the other cases, the affected zones are the southern coastal areas that were actually reached by 2–3 m high waves, and the Ayeyarwaddy Delta (northeast of our computation domain), where the observed tsunami heights reached 1.5–2 m (Satake et al 2006; Swe et al 2006).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Is there a best source model of the Sumatra 2004 earthquake for simulating the consecutive tsunami?

Poisson¹,

Oliveros²,

Pedreros³

2011

Geophysical Journal International

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International audienceMany studies have attempted to invert the fault source of the Sumatra 2004 event. Whereas they mostly consider the same fault geometry, they lead to a wide range of potential slip distributions. Using tsunami modelling with GEOWAVE, a model based on fully non-linear Boussinesq equations, we investigate the influence of five distinct source models of various origins and the influence of rupture kinematics on the generated tsunami. The simulation results are considered both at ocean-scale and at country-scale. We then compare the results along the Jason-1 track to the corresponding sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) profile, and examine the patterns of maximum sea surface elevation around the Bay of Bengal and on the eastern and southern coastlines of Sri Lanka. In most cases, the synthetic SSHA profiles are not very consistent with the observed one, although they all display a prevailing first wave. The divergence in maximum sea surface elevation appears in particular along the Sri Lankan coast, where three of the models lead to a clearly underestimated tsunami impact. The best models derive from purely seismic and geodetic studies that did not consider any tsunami modelling, thus suggesting that the methods to invert a fault model from tsunami data still need some adjustment, especially concerning the handling of coastal data. In addition, it is important to consider the rupture kinematics along such a long fault, as the generated tsunami is more significant than when considering an instantaneous rupture. In the case of the Sumatra 2004 event, the tsunami impact on Sri Lanka is notably underestimated if modelled without the rupture kinematics. We conclude that for tsunami modelling, a complex description of the fault source model is not absolutely necessary, but some significant parameters such as rupture kinematics should be taken into account

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Is there a best source model of the Sumatra 2004 earthquake for simulating the consecutive tsunami?

Poisson¹,

Oliveros²,

Pedreros³

2011

Geophysical Journal International

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“…There may be a link between the increased frequency of Indian Ocean tropical cyclones since the mid 1990s and increased erosion (Figure 1B), but only two cyclone events are on record as impacting the coast of Burma (Fritz et al. 2009) and the effects of the Indian Ocean tsunami on coastline erosion were small (Swe et al. 2006).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of the Irrawaddy delta region since 1850

Hedley¹,

Bird²,

Robinson³

2010

Geographical Journal

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We present a time series of coastline change for the Irrawaddy delta region of Myanmar using the earliest available navigation chart from 1850, and a set of topographic maps and satellite imagery dating from 1913 to 2006. Despite the large sediment load delivered annually to the gulf by the Irrawaddy and Salween Rivers, the coastline has been largely stable for 156 years, advancing at an average rate of no more than 0.34 km per century since 1925. The long‐term average rate of increase in land area across the study area between 1925 and 2006 is 4.2 km2/year, but this masks a period of more rapid accumulation between 1925 and 1989 (8.7 km2/year), followed by a period of net erosion at a rate of 13 km2/year until 2006. Less than 9% of the sediment load delivered to the study region by the Irrawaddy, Salween and Sittoung Rivers has contributed to the observed progradation, with the remainder being exported into the Gulf of Martaban to depths below low tide level, or filling any accommodation space created due to subsidence or sea level rise. In contrast to many deltas worldwide, we suggest that the coastline encompassing the Irrawaddy delta and the Salween River is more or less in equilibrium, and that sediment deposition currently balances subsidence and sea level rise. Myanmar has fewer large dams relative to its Asian neighbours, and the Salween is currently undammed. This is forecast to change in the next 5–10 years with extensive damming projects on the mainstem of the Salween under consideration or construction, and the sediment retention will cause losses in sediment supply to the Gulf of Martaban, and retreat of the delta. This could impact the densely populated delta region and Yangon, and further exacerbate the impacts of extreme events such as Cyclone Nargis in 2008.

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“…LE PICHON et al (2005) reported the observation, on the infrasound array of the IMS/CTBTO at Diego Garcia, of a deep infrasound signal (0.05-0.1 Hz) whose origin they traced to the Southern coast of Myanmar at the time of arrival of the tsunami at that shoreline. It is intriguing that this powerful signal emanated from a location where the amplitude of the tsunami was moderate (maximum run-up: 3 m), and its damage relatively contained (61 reported casualties) (SWE et al, 2006). While no modeling of the generation of the infrasound signal has been proposed to date, these effects may be related to the interaction of the tsunami with the extended continental shelf present offshore of Myanmar.…”

Section: Tsunami Shadowsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Tsunamigenic Earthquakes: Past and Present Milestones

Okal

2010

Pure Appl. Geophys.

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We review a number of events which, taken individually, have significantly affected our understanding of the generation of tsunamis by earthquake sources and our efforts at mitigating their hazards, notably through the development of warning algorithms. Starting with the 1700 Cascadia earthquake, we examine how significant tsunamis have changed our views in fields as diverse as seismotectonics, the diversity of earthquake cycles, the development of warning algorithms, the response of communities at risk to warnings, and their education, the latter being either formal or rooted in ancestral heritage. We discuss in detail lessons from the 2004 Sumatra disasters and review the performance of warning centers and the response of affected populations during the nine significant tsunamis which have taken place since 2004.

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Myanmar Coastal Area Field Survey after the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

Cited by 3 publications

References 3 publications

Is there a best source model of the Sumatra 2004 earthquake for simulating the consecutive tsunami?

Is there a best source model of the Sumatra 2004 earthquake for simulating the consecutive tsunami?

Evolution of the Irrawaddy delta region since 1850

Tsunamigenic Earthquakes: Past and Present Milestones

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