MXenes and MXene-based Materials with Cancer Diagnostic Applications: Challenges and Opportunities

Smart MXene Quantum Dot-Based Nanosystems for Biomedical Applications

“…Gogotsi and co-workers have critically discussed the guiding principles and the essential precautions for reducing the risk of hazardousness and environmental toxicity during the synthesis of MXenes; methods with high safety, reproducibility, and reliability should therefore be the main objective [ 33 ]. MXenes have been widely explored as attractive inorganic two-dimensional candidates for assorted applications in gene/drug delivery, imaging or sensing, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and cancer theranostics [ 5 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Remarkably, their surfaces can be suitably functionalized or modified to enhance biocompatibility, functionality, selectivity/sensitivity, and smart targeting features thus rendering them attractive candidates for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications [ 37 , 38 , 39 ].…”

MXenes in photomedicine: advances and prospects

“…After the preparation of MXene nanosheets or quantum dots (QDs), a variety of functionalization or modification processes can be performed to generate MXenes with preferred features and efficient applicability. 38–40 For instance, MXenes have been bio-functionalized after etching/delamination procedures for acquiring suitable biosensors. These ultrathin MXene (Ti 3 C 2 ) nanosheets obtained by applying the delamination procedure to layers were evenly modified deploying aminosilane to offer a covalent accessory for the contained bio-receptor, thus enabling label-free and extremely sensitive detection of cancer biomarkers; 41–43 a sensitivity of 37.9 μA ng −1 mL cm −2 per decade and the linear identification range of 0.0001–2000 ng mL −1 could be attained by these biofunctionalized MXene nanosheets.…”

Eco-friendly synthesis of carbon nanotubes and their cancer theranostic applications

“…Surface multifunctionalization or modification tactics have been studied for improving the solubility/dispersibility and biocompatibility of CNTs. 26–28 Thus, the biocompatibility of CNTs can be improved and their toxicity can be reduced by applying various functional groups via covalent or non-covalent bindings; 29 the covalent functionalization create strong binding of groups with suitable biocompatibility on the surface of CNTs. 30,31 Herein, recent advances on the synthesis of various types of CNTs have been covered with a focus on eco-friendly and sustainable synthesis techniques, natural renewable feedstocks, and green catalysts.…”