MXene/chitosan nanocoating for flexible polyurethane foam towards remarkable fire hazards reductions

Lin, Bo; Yuen, Anthony; Li, Ao; Zhang, Yang; Chen, Timothy Bo Yuan; Yu, Bin; Lee, Eric Wai Ming; Peng, Shuhua; Yang, Wei; Lu, Hongdian; Chan, Qing Nian; Yeoh, Guan Heng; Wang, Chun H.

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.120952

Cited by 180 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…F ‐0 exhibited no self‐extinguishing behavior; the whole specimen burned with a burning rate of 146 mm/min, which is typical for unmodified FPUFs 48 . The addition of FR‐2 led to self‐extinguishment in the highest concentration and the burning rate was reduced to 91 mm/min.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Bubbles and collapses: Fire phenomena of flame‐retarded flexible polyurethane foams

Günther

Levchik²,

Schartel

2020

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Flexible polyurethane foams (FPUF) are easy to ignite and exhibit rapid flame spread. In this paper, the fire phenomena of two standard foam formulations containing tris(1,3‐dichloro‐2‐propyl) phosphate (FR‐2) and a halogen‐freepoly (ethyl ethylene phosphate) (PNX), respectively, as flame retardants are compared. A multi‐methodological approach is proposed which combines standard fire tests as well as new investigatory approaches. The thermophysical properties of the foams were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TG), reaction to small flames was studied by means of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL 94 HBF test, and the burning behavior was investigated with the cone calorimeter. Further, temperature development in burning cone calorimeter samples was monitored using thermocouples, and rheological measurements were performed on pyrolyzed material, delivering insight into the dripping behavior of the foams. This paper gives comprehensive insight into the fire phenomena of flame‐retarded FPUFs that are driven by the two‐step decomposition behavior of the foams. LOI and UL 94 HBF tests showed a reduced flammability and reduced tendency to drip for the flame‐retarded foams. TG and cone calorimeter measurements revealed that the two‐step decomposition behavior causes two stages during combustion, namely structural collapse and pool fire. The flame‐retardant mode of action was identified to take place primarily during the foam collapse and be based mainly on flame inhibition. However, some condensed‐phase action was been measured, leading to significantly increased melt viscosity and improved dripping behavior for foams containing PNX.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Bubbles and collapses: Fire phenomena of flame‐retarded flexible polyurethane foams

Günther

Levchik²,

Schartel

2020

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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“…The overall XPS spectra for the residues of the PAM-0 and PAM-1 are shown in Figure 10, and the elemental composition is presented in Table 5. The P/C and N/C ratios of PAM-1 are higher than PAM-0, suggesting an enriched N and P-containing on the residues of PAM-1, which further indicate that the barrier effect of MXene may restrain the release of NH 3 and decrease the volatility of P, and thus more N and P elements are retained in the residues, which is conductive to the formation of more continuous and cohesive residues [22].…”

Section: Analysis Of the Residuementioning

confidence: 93%

“…Obviously, although the addition of a single MXene or modified MXene can reduce the PHRR of the system, the THR is reduced slightly [13,21]. MXene/chitosan nanocoating is conductive to suppressing the release of heat and smoke in TPU via the layer-by-layer (LbL) approach, but there is drawback in the complex manipulation [22]. Moreover, traditional nanomaterials can effectively improve the flame retardant performances of the system, however, there they have defects such as large addition or the need for surface modification of the nanomaterials [23][24][25][26][27].…”

Section: Fire Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic Effects of Two-Dimensional MXene and Ammonium Polyphosphate on Enhancing the Fire Safety of Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite Aerogels

Sheng

Zhao

et al. 2019

Polymers

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Fire and smoke suppressions of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) aerogels are urgently required due to the serious fire hazard they present. MXene, a 2D transition-metal carbide with many excellent properties, is considered a promising synergist for providing excellent flame retardant performance. PVA/ammonium polyphosphate (APP)/transition metal carbide (MXene) composite aerogels were prepared via the freeze-drying method to enhance the flame retardancy. Thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index, vertical burning, and cone calorimeter tests were executed to investigate the thermal stability and flame retardancy of PVA/APP/MXene (PAM) composite aerogels. The results demonstrated that MXene boosted the flame retardancy of PVA-APP, and that PAM-2 (with 2.0 wt% MXene loading) passed the V-0 rating, and reached a maximum LOI value of 42%; Moreover, MXene endowed the PVA-APP system with excellent fire and smoke suppression performance, as the the peak heat release rate and peak smoke production rate were significantly reduced by 55% and 74% at 1.0 wt% MXene loading. The flame retardant mechanism was systematically studied, MXene facilitated the generation of compact intumescent residues via ita catalyst effects, thus further restraining the release of heat and smoke. This work provides a simple route to improve the flame retardancy of PVA aerogels via the synergistic effect of MXene and APP.

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“…The D peak is generated from symmetrical carbon atom vibration of amorphous carbon structure and the G peak is from crystalline graphitic carbon. As usual, the ratio of the integrated intensity of D and G peaks (I D /I G ) is used to evaluate the graphitization degree of char [34][35][36]. Specifically, a lower the value of I D /I G represents a higher degree of graphitization of a char residue, indicating that the char layer is denser and the thermal stability of char is higher.…”

Section: Polymers 2019 11 X For Peer Review 7 Of 12mentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks and Their Application as Flame Retardant and Smoke Suppression Agent for Rigid Polyurethane Foams

Cheng

et al. 2020

Polymers

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In order to reduce the fire risk of rigid polyurethane foams (RPUF), three kinds of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) were prepared. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that ZIFs were successfully prepared. The combustion test results showed that the heat and smoke production of the composite containing ZIFs was obviously reduced. In particular, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of ZIF-8/RPUF decreased from 740.85 kW/m2 (Ref. RPUF) to 489.56 kW/m2, while the PHRR of ZIF-7/RPUF and ZIF-11/RPUF is 598.39 and 583.36 kW/m2, respectively. The addition of ZIFs improved the thermostability of the composite. The T50% of ZIF-8/RPUF, ZIF-7/RPUF and ZIF-11/RPUF increased to 364, 382 and 380 °C, respectively. The maximum light absorption of ZIF-7/RPUF and ZIF-11/RPUF was about 88%, which is higher than that of ZIF-8/RPUF (75%). The results of Raman spectroscopy showed that the ID/IG value of Ref. RPUF is 2.96, while the ID/IG value of ZIFs/RPUF reduces to less than 2.80. The main mechanism of ZIFs for reducing the fire risk of RPUF was the catalysis and incarbonization of ZIFs during combustion based on the results of thermogravimetric analysis and Raman spectroscopy of char residue.

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MXene/chitosan nanocoating for flexible polyurethane foam towards remarkable fire hazards reductions

Cited by 180 publications

References 61 publications

Bubbles and collapses: Fire phenomena of flame‐retarded flexible polyurethane foams

Bubbles and collapses: Fire phenomena of flame‐retarded flexible polyurethane foams

Synergistic Effects of Two-Dimensional MXene and Ammonium Polyphosphate on Enhancing the Fire Safety of Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite Aerogels

Preparation of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks and Their Application as Flame Retardant and Smoke Suppression Agent for Rigid Polyurethane Foams

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