MXene‐Based Anodes for Metal‐Ion Batteries

Abstract

2D transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) are electrochemically active materials capable of exhibiting pseudocapacitance. Multilayer MXenes are similar to graphite, but with larger interlayer spacing and surface functionalities which allow them to readily disperse in water and undergo a range of reactions without compromising their electrical conductivity. The large interlayer spacing enables MXenes to readily intercalate large ions, and form composites with materials such as graphene, metal oxides, transition metal dichalcogenides and silicon, with which they make electrodes able to deliver exceptional capacities at high power rates over thousands of cycles. Research into MXenes for energy storage has grown exponentially since 2011, and it is now necessary, especially for readers new to the field, to review progress made in more specific areas. This critical review will therefore analyse the progress made in developing MXene‐based batteries, focusing solely on anodes developed for metal‐ion batteries such as Li‐ion, Na‐ion and K‐ion.

Direct ink writing advances in multi-material structures for a sustainable future

“…DIW is the most versatile AM technique in terms of materials development, it enables the creation of complex 3D shapes using any material by formulating a paste with controlled rheology 27,[32][33][34][35][36] (a shear-thinning yield stress uid 37 ). The current advances in formulation design 34,38 and the fundamental understanding of the rheological parameters that dene 'printability' 29,35,39,40 will pave the way for scaling up and industrial use. Another advantage of DIW is that it enables a combination of different formulations into complex structures by using multiple extrusion nozzles ( Fig.…”

Pillared Mo2TiC2 MXene for high-power and long-life lithium and sodium-ion batteries

“…These enable excellent rate capability and cycling stability compared to practical liquid-processed lms from other 2D materials such as transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) and reduced graphene oxides (rGO). [12][13][14] In addition, MXenes typically have much higher tap density than TMDs and graphenes, which would result in signicantly higher volumetric energy density in batteries. 14 However, like other 2D materials, electrode architecture plays a crucial role in their electrochemical performance, with multilayered or restacked MXenes showing poor cycling performance.…”

MXene-based 3D porous macrostructures for electrochemical energy storage

“…Since the development of the delaminated Ti 3 C 2 T x paper electrode in 2013 [105], the majority of work into novel MXene-based battery electrodes has sought to develop high capacity, high power composites for Li-ion and Li-S batteries, and to improve the performance of other metal-ion batteries containing larger ions such as Na + and K + [107]. 3D porous architectures fabricated for these purposes have predominantly been processed using similar methods to those presented in sections 4.1 and 4.2, where the 2D flakes are assembled into 3D particle morphologies and subsequently vacuum filtered to form low-density films with macroporosity.…”