Mutual orbits and masses of six transneptunian binaries

Grundy, W. M.; Noll, K. S.; Buie, M. W.; Benecchi, Susan; Stephens, Denice C.; Levison, Harold F.

doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.12.008

Cited by 42 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The black curve is obtained after thermal processing of bodies with 65% ice formed with v coll = v esc /2. Measured densities for dynamically cold classical disk objects (black, gray) are taken from Petit et al (2008), Vilenius et al (2012Vilenius et al ( , 2014, and Carry (2012) based on Grundy et al (2009Grundy et al ( , 2013. Densities for dynamically hot classical disk objects, SD objects, and Centaurs (red) are taken from Blum & Wurm 2008) can be added to the gravitational pressure.…”

Section: The Cold Classical Ekbmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The targets in black were observed with Herschel by Vilenius et al (2012Vilenius et al ( , 2014 and have radiometrically determined sizes and geometric albedos (except 2001 QW 322 for which Petit et al 2008 assumed p V = 0.16). For the targets in gray Grundy et al (2009Grundy et al ( , 2013 assumed ranges for ρ bulk and p V to constrain diameters. Carry (2012) then used these diameters and measured masses to estimate ρ bulk .…”

Section: The Cold Classical Ekbmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The primordial nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Davidsson

Sierks

Güttler

et al. 2016

A&A

187

162

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Context. We investigate the formation and evolution of comet nuclei and other trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) in the solar nebula and primordial disk prior to the giant planet orbit instability foreseen by the Nice model. Aims. Our goal is to determine whether most observed comet nuclei are primordial rubble-pile survivors that formed in the solar nebula and young primordial disk or collisional rubble piles formed later in the aftermath of catastrophic disruptions of larger parent bodies. We also propose a concurrent comet and TNO formation scenario that is consistent with observations. Methods. We used observations of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko by the ESA Rosetta spacecraft, particularly by the OSIRIS camera system, combined with data from the NASA Stardust sample-return mission to comet 81P/Wild 2 and from meteoritics; we also used existing observations from ground or from spacecraft of irregular satellites of the giant planets, Centaurs, and TNOs. We performed modeling of thermophysics, hydrostatics, orbit evolution, and collision physics. Results. We find that thermal processing due to short-lived radionuclides, combined with collisional processing during accretion in the primordial disk, creates a population of medium-sized bodies that are comparably dense, compacted, strong, heavily depleted in supervolatiles like CO and CO 2 ; they contain little to no amorphous water ice, and have experienced extensive metasomatism and aqueous alteration due to liquid water. Irregular satellites Phoebe and Himalia are potential representatives of this population. Collisional rubble piles inherit these properties from their parents. Contrarily, comet nuclei have low density, high porosity, weak strength, are rich in supervolatiles, may contain amorphous water ice, and do not display convincing evidence of in situ metasomatism or aqueous alteration. We outline a comet formation scenario that starts in the solar nebula and ends in the primordial disk, that reproduces these observed properties, and additionally explains the presence of extensive layering on 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (and on 9P/Tempel 1 observed by Deep Impact), its bi-lobed shape, the extremely slow growth of comet nuclei as evidenced by recent radiometric dating, and the low collision probability that allows primordial nuclei to survive the age of the solar system. Conclusions. We conclude that observed comet nuclei are primordial rubble piles, and not collisional rubble piles. We argue that TNOs formed as a result of streaming instabilities at sizes below ∼400 km and that ∼350 of these grew slowly in a low-mass primordial disk to the size of Triton, Pluto, and Eris, causing little viscous stirring during growth. We thus propose a dynamically cold primordial disk, which prevented mediumsized TNOs from breaking into collisional rubble piles and allowed the survival of primordial rubble-pile comets. We argue that comets formed by hierarchical agglomeration out of material that remained after TNO formation, and that this slow growth was a necessity...

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Section: The Cold Classical Ekbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Cold Classical Ekbmentioning

confidence: 99%

The primordial nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Davidsson

Sierks

Güttler

et al. 2016

A&A

187

162

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“…(r) Rabinowitz et al (2007). (s) Grundy et al (2009) Romanishin & Tegler (2005). (v) Perna et al (in prep.).…”

Section: Herschel Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“TNOs are Cool”: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region

Vilenius

Kiss

Mommert

et al. 2012

A&A

117

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Context. Trans-Neptunian objects (TNO) represent the leftovers of the formation of the solar system. Their physical properties provide constraints to the models of formation and evolution of the various dynamical classes of objects in the outer solar system. Aims. Based on a sample of 19 classical TNOs we determine radiometric sizes, geometric albedos and beaming parameters. Our sample is composed of both dynamically hot and cold classicals. We study the correlations of diameter and albedo of these two subsamples with each other and with orbital parameters, spectral slopes and colors. Methods. We have done three-band photometric observations with Herschel/PACS and we use a consistent method for data reduction and aperture photometry of this sample to obtain monochromatic flux densities at 70.0, 100.0 and 160.0 μm. Additionally, we use Spitzer/MIPS flux densities at 23.68 and 71.42 μm when available, and we present new Spitzer flux densities of eight targets. We derive diameters and albedos with the near-Earth asteroid thermal model (NEATM). As auxiliary data we use reexamined absolute visual magnitudes from the literature and data bases, part of which have been obtained by ground based programs in support of our Herschel key program. Results. We have determined for the first time radiometric sizes and albedos of eight classical TNOs, and refined previous size and albedo estimates or limits of 11 other classicals. The new size estimates of 2002 MS 4 and 120347 Salacia indicate that they are among the 10 largest TNOs known. Our new results confirm the recent findings that there are very diverse albedos among the classical TNOs and that cold classicals possess a high average albedo (0.17 ± 0.04). Diameters of classical TNOs strongly correlate with orbital inclination in our sample. We also determine the bulk densities of six binary TNOs.

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“…• for the known systems (e.g., for the binary TNO 2000 OJ67; based upon the orbital parameters determined by Grundy et al 2009). Note that the short, ∼ 46 yrs, Kozai timescale for the BMP Huenna 3 may enable a direct observation of the Kozai effect within the next few years, even with current observations accuracy (we find e max 0.23 and e min 0.15 for Huenna; i.e., eccentricity change rate of ∼ 3.4 × 10 −3 yr −1 , where current error bars on the eccentricity are of ±6 × 10 −3 ; Marchis et al 2008).…”

Section: Kozai Oscillationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kozai Cycles, Tidal Friction, and the Dynamical Evolution of Binary Minor Planets

Perets

Naoz

2009

ApJ

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In recent years, many binary minor planets (BMPs) have been discovered in the solar system. Many models have been suggested for their formation, but these encounter difficulties explaining their observed characteristics. Here, we show that secular perturbations by the Sun (Kozai mechanism) fundamentally change the evolution and the initial distribution of BMPs predicted by such models and lead to unique observational signatures. The Kozai mechanism can lead to a large periodic oscillations in the eccentricity and inclination of highly inclined BMP orbits, where we predict such effects to be observable with current accuracy within a few years (e.g., for the binary asteroid Huenna). In addition, the combined effects of the Kozai mechanism and tidal friction (KCTF) drives BMPs into short-period circular orbits. We predict a specific inclination-dependent distribution of the separation and eccentricity of BMPs, due to these effects, including a zone of avoidance at the highest inclinations. Specifically, the Kozai evolution could explain the recently observed peculiar orbit of the Kuiper Belt binary 2001 QW 322 . Additionally, the KCTF process could lead to BMPs coalescence and serve as an important route for the formation of irregular shaped single minor planets with large axial tilts.

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Mutual orbits and masses of six transneptunian binaries

Cited by 42 publications

References 17 publications

The primordial nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

The primordial nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

“TNOs are Cool”: A survey of the trans-Neptunian region

Kozai Cycles, Tidal Friction, and the Dynamical Evolution of Binary Minor Planets

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