Mutual-coupling based phased-array calibration: A robust and versatile approach

Bekers, D.J.; Dijk, R. van; Vliet, Frank van

doi:10.1109/array.2013.6731903

Cited by 25 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…In contrast, there are also techniques that take advantage of the inherent property of mutual coupling among elements of the array, and use it to avoid the employment of external equipment. This approach was pioneered by [16], and continued by [17]- [19]; even modern mmWave phased array prototypes for 5G applications started to embrace this calibration mechanism [20].…”

Section: While the Conventional Methods In An Anechoic Chambermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the initial technique case, the mutual coupling-based method proposed and simulated by Bekers et al [19], and mathematically formulated in Mitchell [24], is implemented. This resourceful approach is capable of using the coupling among several different pair of elements to compute a least square minimum error estimate of the phase and amplitude difference between them.…”

Section: While the Conventional Methods In An Anechoic Chambermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mutual coupling-based calibration used in this work is the one proposed by Bekers et al [19] and formulated by Mitchell [24]. The main advantage of the selected approach is that it provides a mathematical framework that estimates the misalignment, by least square method, in transmit and receive, using as much information as it is available.…”

Section: B Mutual Coupling-basedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The essence of the approach is based in the assumption that coupling between neighboring symmetrically disposed pair of elements have same values [19]. For this the first step is to define coupling sets consisting of pairs of antenna elements with approximately equal coupling; i.e., for an equidistant square lattice, all pairs of elements that are immediate neighbors in a row constitute the [1,0] set, and all pairs of elements that are immediate neighbors in a column constitute the [0,1] set.…”

Section: B Mutual Coupling-basedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It follows from (9), that the ratio contains information of only the unknown errors. In order to isolate the error terms from the ratios calculated using (9), the technique suggests to linearize all ratios by reformulating their complex terms in magnitude, by using logarithms or by transforming to dB units, and in phase, [19], the couplings that belong to the same set are assumed to be of the same value.…”

Section: B Mutual Coupling-basedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Validation and Testing of Initial and In-Situ Mutual Coupling-Based Calibration of a Dual-Polarized Active Phased Array Antenna

et al. 2020

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This paper presents experimental results of an initial and in-situ mutual coupling calibration techniques of an active phased array antenna. The antenna is a dual-polarized 64-element C-band subarray panel equipped with an RF beamformer that enables mutual coupling measurements. Both techniques were implemented, tested and validated using a custom anechoic chamber and a radar backend. The implementation of a radar backend enables the in-situ validation of both methods. A conventional near-field calibration procedure, also known as park and probe, was used as a reference, in order to validate the proposed method. To quantify the calibration effectiveness of the mutual coupling-based techniques, the results are translated into phase and amplitude errors. It is found that the amplitude estimation of the tested initial technique is affected by edge effects, resulting in errors larger than 1 dB, whereas the phase estimation is less sensitive, yielding an overall root mean square error (RMSE) of 2.5 •. In contrast, the proposed in-situ technique is not affected by edge effects, and its estimation RMSE is less than 0.12 dB in amplitude and less than 0.75 • in phase. Mutual coupling-based calibration techniques are demonstrated to be very versatile, as they provide calibration methods for environments outside an anechoic chamber, and they also enable immediate feedback on the health of the system. INDEX TERMS Active phased array, calibration, component failure, mutual coupling, park and probe.

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Section: While the Conventional Methods In An Anechoic Chambermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: While the Conventional Methods In An Anechoic Chambermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Mutual Coupling-basedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Mutual Coupling-basedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Mutual Coupling-basedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Validation and Testing of Initial and In-Situ Mutual Coupling-Based Calibration of a Dual-Polarized Active Phased Array Antenna

et al. 2020

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Array Excitation Error Calibration

He,

Gao,

Zhang

et al. 2023

Modern Antenna

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In situ time-zero correction for a ground penetrating radar monitoring system with 3000 antennas

Steinbeck

Mester

Zimmermann

et al. 2022

Meas. Sci. Technol.

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The time-zero correction is an essential step in the data preprocessing of ground penetrating radar (GPR) measurements to obtain an accurate signal propagation time between transmitting and receiving antennas. For a novel custom GPR monitoring system with about 3000 antennas and corresponding transceiver structures placed around a soil sample (lysimeter), an in situ approach for the time-zero correction is required. In particular, unknown material properties between any pair of transmitting and receiving antennas prevent a conventional time-zero correction. We present and compare two calibration approaches, namely a pairwise and a mesh calibration, both utilizing the ability of the monitoring system to conduct reciprocal measurements between any pair of antennas. The pairwise calibration enables an individual calibration for any antenna pair, whereas the mesh calibration reduces the influence of the soil between antenna pairs compared to the pairwise calibration. Experimental results from a simplified setup show that the lysimeter filling has a negligible impact onto the calibration approach based on adjacent measurements for the mesh calibration. In addition, it is shown that a state of the art time-zero calibration can be used to measure the signal delays within the analog circuit of the measurement system with an accuracy of ± 4 ps. Using the developed concept, no prior air calibration between every possible antenna combination is necessary. Thus, this work provides a crucial contribution towards an automated in situ time-zero correction for 3D GPR monitoring systems with many antennas.

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Mutual-coupling based phased-array calibration: A robust and versatile approach

Cited by 25 publications

References 4 publications

Validation and Testing of Initial and In-Situ Mutual Coupling-Based Calibration of a Dual-Polarized Active Phased Array Antenna

Validation and Testing of Initial and In-Situ Mutual Coupling-Based Calibration of a Dual-Polarized Active Phased Array Antenna

Array Excitation Error Calibration

In situ time-zero correction for a ground penetrating radar monitoring system with 3000 antennas

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