Mutations of PARK Genes and Alpha-Synuclein and Parkin Concentrations in Parkinson’s Disease

Introductory Chapter - Genetic and Biochemical Factors in Parkinson’s Disease

“…Moreover, SPD occurs due to the influence of various factors, including signal transduction, vesicular transport, the process of autophagy, and mitochondrial dysfunction. It is also suggested that the clinical heterogeneity of PD, including SPD, may involve interactions not only in genetic and environmental factors, as well as in the reactions between genes, such as SNCA, PRKN, LRRK2, PINK1, and their protein products: ASN, Parkin, LRRK2, and PINK1, respectively [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

“…The disturbances in the structure of ASN and Parkin are due to both genetic and environmental factors. Despite numerous reports in the literature concerning the molecular basis of this disease, little is known about the interactions occurring between the individual genes responsible for encoding these proteins and the pathological manifestation of PD [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

TG could Modulate FPN1 in MES 23.5 Cells by Hepcidin

“…Although the etiology and pathogenesis of PD have not yet been elucidated, many evidences indicated oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and abnormal deposition of iron may resulting in damage of DA neurons [9][10][11][12]. ER stress is one of the main toxic mechanisms of PD [13][14][15].…”

Promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease

“…Protein aggregation, mitochondrial disturbances, oxidative stress, glutamate excitotoxicity, alterations of the tryptophan metabolism, immunological mechanisms, and genetic predisposition have all been suggested to play significant roles in the etiopathology of the disease [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] .…”