Mutational analysis unveils the temporal and spatial distribution of G614 genotype of SARS-CoV-2in different Indian states and its association with case fatality rate of COVID-19

Abstract

Pan genomic analysis of the global SARS-CoV-2 isolates has resulted in the identification of several regions of increased genetic variation but there is absence of research on its association with the clinical outcome. The present study fills the vacuum and does mutational analysis of genomic sequence of Indian SARS-CoV-2 isolates. Results reveal the existence of non-synonymous G614 spike protein mutation in 61.45% of the total study genome along with three other mutations. Further, temporal variation in the frequencies of G614 genotype in the country is observed. The examination of the probable association of G614 genotype with COVID-19 severity shows that CFR G614 genotype in India is positively and strongly correlated. It appears that the clinical outcome of the COVID-19 cases in India are significantly and adversely affected by the increasing trend in the G614 genotype; which needs to be addressed combining both laboratory experiments and epidemiological investigations.

The D614G Virus Mutation Enhances Anosmia in COVID-19 Patients: Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Studies from South Asia

“… 34 − 36 Importantly, the predominance of the G614 virus was delayed in South India until mid May to June of 2020. 17 , 18 , 20 − 22 , 25 , 30 Such regional differences were caused by travel routes, as well as regional spreader events, for example, in Delhi. 17 Indians and Bangladeshis were exposed primarily to the D614 virus in March through June or July of 2020 in some regions outside the Indian subcontinent, for example, Kuwait, 37 Malaysia, 38 , 39 and Singapore, 14 , 23 while South Asians in Oman were mostly exposed to the G614 virus in March and April of 2020.…”

The D614G virus mutation enhances anosmia in COVID-19 patients: Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies from South Asia

“…The spread beyond East Asia was accompanied by the appearance of the more infectious G614 virus mutation, and over the next weeks and months this strain became dominant over the original D614 strain in most parts of the world. 11,14,15 The D614 virus remained dominant beyond May of 2020 in only few regions: most of China, Singapore, Malaysia, the South of India and the Delhi region (https://www.gisaid.org/; https://cov.lanl.gov/apps/covid-19/map/) 14,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] The co-existence of the D614 and G614 viruses made it impossible, in most regions, to discern whether differences in the prevalence of anosmia were due to differences among the host populations (frequency of variants of the entry proteins ACE2 or TMPRSS2 and thus ethnic differences), or were due to differences in the infectivity and cell entry efficiencies of the coronavirus. In East Asia, nearly all studies were conducted when the D614 virus was dominant.…”

“…[34][35][36] Importantly, the predominance of the G614 virus was delayed in South India until mid May to June of 2020. 17,18,[20][21][22]25,30 Such regional differences were caused by travel routes as well as regional spreader events, e.g., in Delhi. 17 Indians and Bangladeshis were exposed primarily to the D614 virus in March through June or July of 2020 in some regions outside the Indian subcontinent, e.g., Kuwait, 37 Malaysia, 38,39 and Singapore, 14,23 while South Asians in Oman were mostly exposed to the G614 virus in March and April of 2020.…”

“…Virus strain dominance according to relevant references. 14,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][24][25][26][27][28][29][31][32][33][34][35][36] The large circle in the center of India shows the overall contributions of D614 and G614, regardless of region; the small circles represent regional contributions of D614 and G614 during the indicated month of 2020. Fig.…”

Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Genetic Variations and Mutations in the COVID-19 genomic sequence: A Systematic and Meta-analysis review

“…Mutation level among RNA viruses is notably high, which this phenomenon is essential for viral adaptation [5]. Though, coronaviruses have been introduced to have proofreading systems and so, nucleotide sequence variety in SARS-CoV-2 has been observed at a very low level [6]. In a study, Wang et al reported the presence of 13 variations site in openreading frames (ORF) of SARS-CoV-2 [in 1a, 1b, S, 3a, M, 8] and N regions, which among them positions nt28144 and nt8782 in ORF 8 and ORF 1a indicated mutation rate of 30.53% and 29.47%, respectively [7].…”