Mutational analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus vpr open reading frame

Ogawa, Kokichi; Shibata, Riri; Kiyomasu, Takahiro; Higuchi, Ikuko; Kishida, Yoshiko; Ishimoto, Akinori; Adachi, Akio

doi:10.1128/jvi.63.9.4110-4114.1989

Cited by 172 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Among them, Vpr and its duplicated gene product Vpx (24) are unique because they are selectively incorporated in the viral particles at molar quantities equivalent to those of Gag proteins (3,9,28). Genetic studies have shown that Vpr and Vpx are dispensable for replication in human T cell lines (4,10,17), but essential for replication in primary macrophages (2,7,10,25). Furthermore, Vpr has been shown to be required for efficient replication and persistence of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in rhesus monkeys (11).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…We decided to test this idea by using bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) as a fusion partner. A pSRa (23) expression vector encoding CAT fused to the N-terminus of HIV-1 Vpr was transfected into SW480 cells along with a vpr-negative HIV-1 infectious clone pNLAf2 (17). Virions produced in the supernatants were pelleted by centrifugation on a 20% sucrose cushion and further sedimented in linear gradients of 20% to 60% sucrose.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Targeting of Chrolamphenicol Acetyltransferase to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Particles via Vpr and Vpx

Sato

Isaka

Kodama

et al. 1995

Microbiology and Immunology

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Vpr and Vpx are the auxiliary proteins of human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) selectively incorporated into mature viral particles. We showed that the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) fused to the N‐terminus of HIV‐1 Vpr, HIV‐2 Vpr, or HIV‐2 Vpx was incorporated into mature virions in a type‐selective manner. By using chimeric proteins between HIV‐1 Vpr and HIV‐2 Vpx, we found that the N‐terminal side of these proteins was mainly important for type‐selective virion incorporation. The C‐terminal arginine‐rich region of HIV‐1 Vpr was also found to transport CAT fusion proteins into virions but without any type selectivity. Furthermore, the corresponding regions of HIV‐2 Vpr and HIV‐2 Vpx had no such activity. This region of HIV‐1 Vpr may interact nonspecifically with viral genomic RNA. Collectively, Vpr and Vpx may provide a means to introduce foreign proteins and other molecules into HIV virions for therapeutic purposes.

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Targeting of Chrolamphenicol Acetyltransferase to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Particles via Vpr and Vpx

Sato

Isaka

Kodama

et al. 1995

Microbiology and Immunology

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“…Vpr. The 14-Kd, 96-amino-acid HIV-1 encoded protein Vpr (viral protein R) [50,51], plays several roles in the replication cycle of this retrovirus. Thus, it has been proposed that Vpr regulates the nuclear import of the preintegration complex (PIC) carrying the proviral DNA, the viral integrase, and other viral and cellular proteins.…”

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Yeast and the AIDS Virus: The Odd Couple

Andréola¹,

Litvak²

2012

Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology

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Despite being simple eukaryotic organisms, the yeastsSaccharomyces cerevisiaeandSchizosaccharomyces pombehave been widely used as a model to study human pathologies and the replication of human, animal, and plant viruses, as well as the function of individual viral proteins. The complete genome ofS. cerevisiaewas the first of eukaryotic origin to be sequenced and contains about 6,000 genes. More than 75% of the genes have an assigned function, while more than 40% share conserved sequences with known or predicted human genes. This strong homology has allowed the function of human orthologs to be unveiled starting from the data obtained in yeast. RNA plant viruses were the first to be studied in yeast. In this paper, we focus on the use of the yeast model to study the function of the proteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and the search for its cellular partners. This human retrovirus is the cause of AIDS. The WHO estimates that there are 33.4 million people worldwide living with HIV/AIDS, with 2.7 million new HIV infections per year and 2.0 million annual deaths due to AIDS. Current therapy is able to control the disease but there is no permanent cure or a vaccine. By using yeast, it is possible to dissect the function of some HIV-1 proteins and discover new cellular factors common to this simple cell and humans that may become potential therapeutic targets, leading to a long-lasting treatment for AIDS.

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“…While the Vpr protein is quite well conserved within the SIVagm group and also among HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIVsm, little is known about its function. Until now, Vpr has not seemed to be essential for replication in cell culture (15,39). Studies of SIVmac Vpr mutants have not yet demonstrated that Vpr is absolutely essential for disease progression in vivo (31).…”

Section: Comparisons Between Regulatory Proteins Of D30 and D42 Straimentioning

confidence: 99%

Regulatory genes of simian immunodeficiency viruses from west African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus)

Jubier-Maurin

Sarni‐Manchado

Veas

et al. 1995

J Virol

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The high seroprevalence of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) in African green monkeys (AGMs) without immunological defects in their natural hosts has prompted consideration of SIV-infected AGMs as a model of apathogenic SIV infection. Study of the molecular mechanisms of SIVagm asymptomatic infection could thus provide clues for understanding the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency viruses. Regulatory genes could be candidates for genetic control of SIVagm apathogenicity. We have characterized Vpr, Tat, Rev, and Nef genes of two SIVagm strains isolated from naturally infected sabaeus monkeys captured in Senegal. The results provide further evidence that SIVagm from West African green monkeys is the most divergent class of AGM viruses, with structural features in long terminal repeat sequences and Vpr and Tat genes that distinguish them from viruses isolated from other AGM species (vervet, grivet, and tantalus monkeys).

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Mutational analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus vpr open reading frame

Cited by 172 publications

References 37 publications

Targeting of Chrolamphenicol Acetyltransferase to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Particles via Vpr and Vpx

Targeting of Chrolamphenicol Acetyltransferase to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Particles via Vpr and Vpx

Yeast and the AIDS Virus: The Odd Couple

Regulatory genes of simian immunodeficiency viruses from west African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus)

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