Mutation and sex in a competitive world

Peck, Joel R.; Waxman, David J.

doi:10.1038/35019055

Cited by 48 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Third, Rivero et al (2003) pointed out that deleterious mutations may lead to fitness consequences only in individuals competing for limited resources. Peck and Waxman (2000) demonstrated also that synergistic epistasis may not be detected unless experiments are redesigned to make them much more like in nature. Bergelson and Purrington (2002) showed that the deleterious effects of the csr1-1 resistance were enhanced under competition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…T HE type of interactions among deleterious mutations is considered to be crucial in numerous areas of evolutionary biology, including the evolution of sex and recombination (Kondrashov 1988;Barton and Charlesworth 1998;Peck and Waxman 2000;Otto and Lenormand 2002), the evolution of ploidy (Perrot et al 1991), the evolution of selfing , and the conservation of small populations (Lande 1994). All these issues relate to the mutation load of a population due to the accumulation of deleterious mutations (Kimura and Maruyama 1966).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Epistatic Interactions Among Herbicide Resistances in Arabidopsis thaliana: The Fitness Cost of Multiresistance

et al. 2005

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The type of interactions among deleterious mutations is considered to be crucial in numerous areas of evolutionary biology, including the evolution of sex and recombination, the evolution of ploidy, the evolution of selfing, and the conservation of small populations. Because the herbicide resistance genes could be viewed as slightly deleterious mutations in the absence of the pesticide selection pressure, the epistatic interactions among three herbicide resistance genes (acetolactate synthase CSR, cellulose synthase IXR1, and auxin-induced AXR1 target genes) were estimated in both the homozygous and the heterozygous states, giving 27 genotype combinations in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. By analyzing eight quantitative traits in a segregating population for the three herbicide resistances in the absence of herbicide, we found that most interactions in both the homozygous and the heterozygous states were best explained by multiplicative effects (each additional resistance gene causes a comparable reduction in fitness) rather than by synergistic effects (each additional resistance gene causes a disproportionate fitness reduction). Dominance coefficients of the herbicide resistance cost ranged from partial dominance to underdominance, with a mean dominance coefficient of 0.07. It was suggested that the csr1-1, ixr1-2, and axr1-3 resistance alleles are nearly fully recessive for the fitness cost. More interestingly, the dominance of a specific resistance gene in the absence of herbicide varied according to, first, the presence of the other resistance genes and, second, the quantitative trait analyzed. These results and their implications for multiresistance evolution are discussed in relation to the maintenance of polymorphism at resistance loci in a heterogeneous environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Epistatic Interactions Among Herbicide Resistances in Arabidopsis thaliana: The Fitness Cost of Multiresistance

et al. 2005

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“…Two mechanisms have been proposed to explain this. First, parasitic infection (and stresses in general; Elena & de Visser 2003;Peck & Waxman 2000) may increase the relative costs of deleterious mutations, turning selectively minor mutations into effective lethals. Studies using organisms ranging from bacteria (Cooper et al 2005) to beetles (Stevens et al 1997) to sheep (Coltman et al 1999) support this prediction, but studies on other organisms such as Daphnia (Haag et al 2003;Salathe & Ebert 2003) found no such effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antagonistic coevolution with parasites increases the cost of host deleterious mutations

et al. 2005

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The fitness consequences of deleterious mutations are sometimes greater when individuals are parasitized, hence parasites may result in the more rapid purging of deleterious mutations from host populations. The significance of host deleterious mutations when hosts and parasites antagonistically coevolve (reciprocal evolution of host resistance and parasite infectivity) has not previously been experimentally investigated. We addressed this by coevolving the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens and a parasitic bacteriophage in laboratory microcosms, using bacteria with high and low mutation loads. Directional coevolution between bacterial resistance and phage infectivity occurred in all populations. Bacterial population fitness, as measured by competition experiments with ancestral genotypes in the absence of phage, declined with time spent coevolving. However, this decline was significantly more rapid in bacteria with high mutation loads, suggesting the cost of bacterial resistance to phage was greater in the presence of deleterious mutations (synergistic epistasis). As such, resistance to phage was more costly to evolve in the presence of a high mutation load. Consistent with these data, bacteria with high mutation loads underwent less rapid directional coevolution with their phage populations, and showed lower levels of resistance to their coevolving phage populations. These data suggest that coevolution with parasites increases the rate at which deleterious mutations are purged from host populations.

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“…Theoretical studies have often focused on the success of sexuals versus asexuals (e.g., Rispe and Pierre 1998;Doncaster et al 2000;Peck and Waxman 2000), but the actual paradox of the maintenance of sex still remains. Apart from the outstanding studies on New Zealand freshwater snails (Lively 1992;Fox et al 1996;Jokela et al 1997;Howard and Lively 1998), there is very little empirical data from natural systems where sexually and asexually reproducing morphs of nonhybrid origin coexist and compete with each other (snail, Campeloma limum: Johnson 2000; flatworm, Schmidtea polychroa: Michiels et al 2001).…”

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Parasites and Sexual Reproduction in Psychid Moths

2004

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Abstract. Persistence of sexual reproduction among coexisting asexual competitors has been a major paradox in evolutionary biology. The number of empirical studies is still very limited, as few systems with coexisting sexual and strictly asexual lineages have been found. We studied the ecological mechanisms behind the simultaneous coexistence of a sexually and an asexually reproducing closely related species of psychid moth in Central Finland between 1999 and 2001. The two species compete for the same resources and are often infected by the same hymenopteran parasitoids. They are extremely morphologically and behaviorally similar and can be separated only by their reproductive strategy (sexual vs. asexual) or by genetic markers. We compared the life-history traits of these species in two locations where they coexist to test predictions of the cost-of-sex hypothesis. We did not find any difference in female size, number of larvae, or offspring survival between the sexuals and asexuals, indicating that sexuals are subject to cost of sex. We also used genetic markers to check and exclude the possibility of Wolbachia bacteria infection inducing parthenogenesis. None of the samples was infected by Wolbachia and, thus, it is unlikely that these bacteria could affect our results. We sampled 38 locations to study the prevalence of parasitoids and the moths' reproductive strategy. We found a strong positive correlation between prevalence of sexual reproduction and prevalence of parasitoids. In locations where parasitoids are rare asexuals exist in high densities, whereas in locations with a high parasitoid load the sexual species was dominant. Spatial distribution alone does not explain the results. We suggest that the parasite hypothesis for sex may offer an explanation for the persistence of sexual moths in this system. Key words. Bag worm moth, cost of sex, parasite hypothesis, parthenogenesis, Red Queen hypothesis, Wolbachia.Received October 8, 2003. Accepted February 9, 2004 Maintenance of sexual reproduction has been a puzzling question in the theory of evolution since it was first raised by Williams (1975), Maynard Smith (1978), and Bell (1982. Many hypotheses have been presented to explain the maintenance of sex (e.g., Kondrashov 1993;Hurst and Peck 1996;Lively 1996; Jokela et al. 2003), since the asexually reproducing morphs could produce offspring more effectively than the sexuals by avoiding the costs of producing males. This cost of sex should finally lead to replacement of sexuals if the all-else-equal assumption is true (Maynard Smith 1978). In the long term, this should lead to natural populations consisting purely of asexually reproducing females, unless there are some short-term advantages of sexual reproduction (e.g., Lively 1996). Such short-term advantages could arise from the genetic recombination in cross-fertilization, which purges deleterious mutations and increases the amount of genetic variation (Muller 1964;Kondrashov 1988;Rice 2002).The importance of variation in the host genotype was further ...

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Mutation and sex in a competitive world

Cited by 48 publications

References 24 publications

Epistatic Interactions Among Herbicide Resistances in Arabidopsis thaliana: The Fitness Cost of Multiresistance

Epistatic Interactions Among Herbicide Resistances in Arabidopsis thaliana: The Fitness Cost of Multiresistance

Antagonistic coevolution with parasites increases the cost of host deleterious mutations

Parasites and Sexual Reproduction in Psychid Moths

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