Mutagens produced by Alternaria alternata

Scott, Peter; Stoltz, D.R.

doi:10.1016/0165-1218(80)90023-3

Cited by 67 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 12 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The main symptoms at lethal dosing of TA were hemorrhages in one or more vital organs (Smith et al 1968). During an Ames test with Salmonella typhimurium, no mutagenic effects of TA were found (Scott and Stoltz 1980). Generally, the toxicity of TA is attributed to inhibition of protein biosynthesis (Shigeura and Gordon 1963).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Content of the Alternaria mycotoxin tenuazonic acid in food commodities determined by a stable isotope dilution assay

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Alternaria mycotoxin tenuazonic acid (TA) was quantified in fruit juices (n = 50), cereals (n = 12) and spices (n = 38) using a recently developed stable isotope dilution assay (SIDA). [(13) C6,(15) N]-TA was used as the internal standard. Method validation revealed low limits of detection (LODs) of 0.15 μg/kg (fruit juices), 1.0 μg/kg (cereals) and 17 μg/kg (spices). The respective limits of quantitation were about three times higher. Recovery was about 100% for all matrices. The precision (relative standard deviation of replicate analyses of naturally contaminated samples) was 4.2% (grape juice; 1.7 μg/kg), 3.5% (whole wheat flour; 36 μg/kg) and 0.9% (curry powder; 215 μg/kg). The median content of TA in the analyzed samples was 1.8 μg/kg (fruit juices), 16 μg/kg (cereals) and 500 μg/kg (spices). Positive samples amounted to 86% (fruit juices), 92% (cereals) and 87% (spices).

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Content of the Alternaria mycotoxin tenuazonic acid in food commodities determined by a stable isotope dilution assay

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…AOH and AME were reported as not or weakly mutagenic in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100 (Scott and Stoltz, 1980;Davis and Stack, 1994) but AOH was shown to induce mutations in TA102 strain with or without metabolic activation demonstrating direct-acting AT base pair mutagenicity (Schrader et al, 2006). AOH and AME were both strongly mutagenic in Bacillus subtilis rec assay (Kada et al, 1984) and Escherichia coli ND160 reverse mutation assay (An et al, 1989;Zhen et al, 1991) which measures frameshift mutations.…”

Section: Bacterial Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence ofAlternariatoxins in feed and food

2011

EFSA Journal

400

188

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The European Commission asked the European Food Safety Authority to review the safety of Alternaria toxins in food and feed. In addition to causing plant diseases on many crops such as cereals, oilseeds, tomatoes, apples and olives, some of these toxins are genotoxic in vitro and/or fetotoxic in rats. This opinion deals with alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, tenuazonic acid, iso-tenuazonic acid, altertoxins, tentoxin, altenuene and AAL-toxins (Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici toxins). Two Member States provided 11,730 occurrence results in food and also data published in the scientific literature were considered. Generally these toxins were found in grains and grain-based products, tomato and tomato products, sunflower seeds and sunflower oil, fruits and fruit products, and beer and wine. The feed occurrence data (1150 results) were collected from the literature only. The knowledge on toxic effects of Alternaria toxins on farm and companion animals and occurrence data in feed were insufficient to assess the health risk for different species. For chicken there are indications that alternariol represents a health risk but it cannot be excluded that tenuazonic acid could also be of concern. Considering: (1) there are few or no relevant toxicity data on Alternaria toxins, (2) the chemical structure of several of them is known, (3) dietary exposure data exist for some of them, the Panel on Contaminants in the food chain used the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) approach to assess the relative level of concern for dietary exposure of humans to these mycotoxins. For the genotoxic Alternaria toxins, alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether, the estimated chronic dietary exposure exceeded the relevant TTC value indicating a need for additional toxicity data. The dietary exposure estimates for nongenotoxic tentoxin and tenuazonic acid are lower than the relevant TTC value and are considered unlikely to be a human health concern. SUMMARYAlternaria toxins are mycotoxins produced by Alternaria species that cause plant diseases on many crops. They are the principal contaminating fungi in wheat, sorghum and barley, and have also been reported to occur in oilseeds such as sunflower and rapeseed, tomato, apples, citrus fruits, olives and several other fruits and vegetables. Alternaria alternata is the most common Alternaria species in harvested fruits and vegetables, and is the most important mycotoxin-producing species. Due to their growth even at low temperature, Alternaria species are also responsible for spoilage of these commodities during refrigerated transport and storage.Alternaria species produce more than 70 phytotoxins, but a small proportion of them have been chemically characterised and reported to act as mycotoxins to humans and animals. Some toxins such as alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TeA) and altertoxins (ATX) are described to induce harmful effects in animals, including fetotoxic and teratogenic effects. Culture extracts of A. altern...

show abstract

“…Because these toxins are produced in such small quantities by most A. alternata isolates, and because they are not well separated in most chromatographic systems, purification of these minor toxins has been extremely difficult. In earlier studies, small amounts of these toxins were obtained by repeated chromatography on silica gel (1,2) or by a combination of silica gel chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) (3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation of altenuisol and altertoxins I and II, minor mycotoxins elaborated byalternaria

Chu

1981

J Americ Oil Chem Soc

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A method for the isolation of milligram quantities of 3 minor Alternaria mycotoxins, altenuisol (AS), aitertoxin I (AT-I)and altertoxin II (AT-II) was developed. Crude toxin preparation was first subjected to a preparative high pressure liquid chromatography step using PrepLC/System 500 and a silica gel column. The 3 minor toxins were eluted from the column with 25% ethyl acetate. Further purification of these toxins was achieved by passing the partially purified toxins through a Sephadex LH-20 column (2.5 X 25 cm) twice. In a solvent system of hexane/methylene chloride/methanol (1:1:1, v/v/v), AT-I was eluted from the Sephadex column first, followed by AT-II and AS. The distribution of various Alternaria mycotoxins in different fractions obtained from the Sephadex step and some of the physicochemical properties of AT-I and AT-II are described.

show abstract

Mutagens produced by Alternaria alternata

Cited by 67 publications

References 12 publications

Content of the Alternaria mycotoxin tenuazonic acid in food commodities determined by a stable isotope dilution assay

Content of the Alternaria mycotoxin tenuazonic acid in food commodities determined by a stable isotope dilution assay

Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence ofAlternariatoxins in feed and food

Isolation of altenuisol and altertoxins I and II, minor mycotoxins elaborated byalternaria

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About