Mutagenicity of the Alternaria metabolites altertoxins I, II, and III

Stack, Michael E.; Prival, Michael J.

doi:10.1128/aem.52.4.718-722.1986

Cited by 99 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…ATX-I, ATX-II and ATX-III caused gene mutations in TA98, TA100 and TA1537 strains with or without metabolic activation in the following order ATX-III > ATX-II > ATX-I. The potency of ATX-III was 10-fold lower than that of the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1, which is highly mutagenic and a well established human hepatocarcinogen (Stack et al,1986;Stack and Prival., 1986). Nitrosylation of ATX-I generated a potent direct-acting frameshift mutagen at C sites in TA97 strain (Schrader et al, 2006).…”

Section: Bacterial Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence ofAlternariatoxins in feed and food

2011

EFSA Journal

399

188

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The European Commission asked the European Food Safety Authority to review the safety of Alternaria toxins in food and feed. In addition to causing plant diseases on many crops such as cereals, oilseeds, tomatoes, apples and olives, some of these toxins are genotoxic in vitro and/or fetotoxic in rats. This opinion deals with alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, tenuazonic acid, iso-tenuazonic acid, altertoxins, tentoxin, altenuene and AAL-toxins (Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici toxins). Two Member States provided 11,730 occurrence results in food and also data published in the scientific literature were considered. Generally these toxins were found in grains and grain-based products, tomato and tomato products, sunflower seeds and sunflower oil, fruits and fruit products, and beer and wine. The feed occurrence data (1150 results) were collected from the literature only. The knowledge on toxic effects of Alternaria toxins on farm and companion animals and occurrence data in feed were insufficient to assess the health risk for different species. For chicken there are indications that alternariol represents a health risk but it cannot be excluded that tenuazonic acid could also be of concern. Considering: (1) there are few or no relevant toxicity data on Alternaria toxins, (2) the chemical structure of several of them is known, (3) dietary exposure data exist for some of them, the Panel on Contaminants in the food chain used the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) approach to assess the relative level of concern for dietary exposure of humans to these mycotoxins. For the genotoxic Alternaria toxins, alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether, the estimated chronic dietary exposure exceeded the relevant TTC value indicating a need for additional toxicity data. The dietary exposure estimates for nongenotoxic tentoxin and tenuazonic acid are lower than the relevant TTC value and are considered unlikely to be a human health concern. SUMMARYAlternaria toxins are mycotoxins produced by Alternaria species that cause plant diseases on many crops. They are the principal contaminating fungi in wheat, sorghum and barley, and have also been reported to occur in oilseeds such as sunflower and rapeseed, tomato, apples, citrus fruits, olives and several other fruits and vegetables. Alternaria alternata is the most common Alternaria species in harvested fruits and vegetables, and is the most important mycotoxin-producing species. Due to their growth even at low temperature, Alternaria species are also responsible for spoilage of these commodities during refrigerated transport and storage.Alternaria species produce more than 70 phytotoxins, but a small proportion of them have been chemically characterised and reported to act as mycotoxins to humans and animals. Some toxins such as alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tenuazonic acid (TeA) and altertoxins (ATX) are described to induce harmful effects in animals, including fetotoxic and teratogenic effects. Culture extracts of A. altern...

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Section: Bacterial Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence ofAlternariatoxins in feed and food

2011

EFSA Journal

399

188

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“…The Ames test (Ames and others 1973a) has been used for the mutagenicity testing of major mycotoxins such as stemphylotoxin III (Davis and Stack 1991), citrinin, ochratoxin A, patulin, penicillic acid, sterigmatocystin, T-2 toxin, zearalenone, and aflatoxin B 1 (Kuczuk and others 1978). This test also has been used to evaluate the moniliformin, deoxynivalenol (Wehner and others 1978), and altertoxins I, II, and III (Stack and Prival 1986) mycotoxins. Using the Ames test, several mycotoxins were found not to be mutagenic, including T-2, deoxinivalenol, moniliformin, and zearalenone (Wehner and others 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Beauvericin Toxicity with the Bacterial Bioluminescence Assay and the Ames Mutagenicity Bioassay

Fotso

Smith

2003

Journal of Food Science

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The bacterial bioluminescence assay was used to determine the acute toxicity level of beauvericin, which was found to be moderate with an EC 50 of 94 Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ Ϯ 9 g/mL. The Ames test was used to evaluate mutagenicity of this mycotoxin. Assays were carried out on 5 Salmonella typhimurium standard tester strains. The spot test was performed on a single beauvericin concentration of 2 g/plate. The plate incorporation test was done over a range of concentrations (0.2 to 500 g/plate), both with and without S9. A negative control and 3 positive controls, 2-aminofluorene, sodium azide, and dexon, were included in the assays. Beauvericin was nonmutagenic to any of the standard tester strains used, either with or without metabolic activation.

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“…Photosensitizers are thought to serve a variety of organisms, from primitive echinoderms to higher plants, as defenses against predators that may be exposed, post-ingestion, to sunlight (examples in Rideout et al, 1979;Towers, 1982;Thomson, 1987;Heitz and Downum, 1987). Fungi synthesize numerous compounds, including many polycyclic ring-hydroxylated quinones, that may produce active oxygen species (examples in Stack and Prival, 1986;Thomson, 1987). Although the role of light activation appears not to have been studied for a majority of these compounds, many have structural similarities to known photosensitizers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Modes of Photodynamic Action by Cercosporin

Hartman

Dixon

Dahl

et al. 1988

Photochem & Photobiology

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Abstract— Cercosporin, one of a number of 4,9‐dihydroxyperylene‐3,10‐quinones synthesized by plant pathogenic fungi, abundantly produces singlet oxygen when illuminated in solution. Singlet oxygen production is substantially decreased and superoxide production is greatly enhanced in the presence of the reducing agents ergothioneine (2‐thiol‐L‐histidine betaine) or urate. Both ergothioneine and urate enhance superoxide production at a rate approximately 25‐fold that elicited by an equimolar amount of methionine, the agent that is traditionally used in such assays. Such ‘switching’ in production of different active oxygen species under different environmental conditions may be of significance in biological processes, in this case host cell killing by the plant pathogen.

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Mutagenicity of the Alternaria metabolites altertoxins I, II, and III

Cited by 99 publications

References 14 publications

Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence ofAlternariatoxins in feed and food

Scientific Opinion on the risks for animal and public health related to the presence ofAlternariatoxins in feed and food

Evaluation of Beauvericin Toxicity with the Bacterial Bioluminescence Assay and the Ames Mutagenicity Bioassay

Multiple Modes of Photodynamic Action by Cercosporin

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