Mutagenicity of benzylic acetates, sulfates and bromides of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Rogan, Eleanor G.; Cavalieri, Ercole L.; Walker, Betty A.; Balasubramanian, Ramadas; Wislocki, Peter G.; Roth, Robert W.; Saugier, Richard K.

doi:10.1016/s0009-2797(86)80102-8

Cited by 68 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…A number of studies demonstrated that benzyl alcohol is not mutagenic in the bacterial reverse mutation assay with Salmonella Typhimurium TA92, TA94, TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538 with and without metabolic activation (NTP TR343, 1989;(Ishidate et al, 1984) (Rogan et al, 1986)). Equivocal results were obtained with the benzyl alcohol in the Rec DNA repair assay using Bacillus subtilis strains H17 and M45 (Oda et al, 1978;Kuroda et al, 1984;Yoo, 1986).…”

Section: In Vitromentioning

confidence: 99%

Re‐evaluation of benzyl alcohol (E 1519) as food additive

Flavourings¹,

Younes²,

Aquilina³

et al. 2019

EFS2

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The Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF) provided a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of benzyl alcohol (E 1519) when used as a food additive. The Panel considered that adequate exposure and toxicity data were available. Benzyl alcohol (E 1519) is authorised as a food additive in the EU in accordance with Annex III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008. The Panel considered benzyl alcohol of low acute toxicity with no concern with respect to genotoxicity and carcinogenicity and established an acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 4 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day based on a no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 400 mg/kg bw per day from the carcinogenicity study in rats. The mean and high exposure estimates in the refined exposure scenarios were maximally 0.27 and 0.81 mg/kg bw per day in toddlers, respectively. The exposure estimates to benzyl alcohol (E 1519) were below the ADI of 4 mg/kg bw per day in all population groups. The Panel noted that also the exposure in the regulatory maximum level exposure assessment scenario is below the ADI in all population groups. The Panel concluded that the exposure to benzyl alcohol (E 1519) does not raise a safety concern at the reported uses and use levels.

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Section: In Vitromentioning

confidence: 99%

Re‐evaluation of benzyl alcohol (E 1519) as food additive

Flavourings¹,

Younes²,

Aquilina³

et al. 2019

EFS2

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“…(iii) Genotoxicity of 6-methylbenzo [a]pyrene and related metabolites 6-Methylbenzo [a]pyrene and 6-sulfooxymethylbenzo [a]pyrene were mutagenic to S. typhimurium TA100 (Santella et al, 1982;Rogan et al, 1986) and formed DNA adducts in the liver of infant mice (Surh et al, 1990).…”

Section: Mechanism Via Meso-region Biomethylation and Benzylic Oxidationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Field Analyses with Laboratory Exposures to Assess Ecosystems Health

Hellou¹,

Beach²,

Leonard³

et al. 2012

Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds

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initiated a programme on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. The programme was subsequently expanded to include evaluations of carcinogenic risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures, life-style factors and biological and physical agents, as well as those in specific occupations. The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations; to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help of international working groups of experts in chemical carcinogenesis Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. All rights reserved.The International Agency for Research on Cancer welcomes requests for permission to reproduce or translate its publications, in part or in full. Requests for permission to reproduce or translate IARC publications -whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution -should be addressed to WHO Press, at the above address (fax: +41 22 791 4806; email: permissions@who.int).The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers' products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters.The IARC Monographs Working Group alone is responsible for the views expressed in this publication. IARC Library Cataloguing in Publication Data NOTE TO THE READERThe term 'carcinogenic risk' in the IARC Monographs series is taken to mean that an agent is capable of causing cancer under some circumstances. The Monographs evaluate cancer hazards, despite the historical presence of the word 'risks' in the title.Inclusion of an agent in the Monographs does not imply that it is a carcinogen, only that the published data have been examined. Equally, the fact that an agent has not yet been evaluated in a Monograph does not mean that it is not carcinogenic.The evaluations of carcinogenic risk are made by international working groups of independent scientists and are qualitative in nature. No recommendation is given for regulation or legislation.Anyone who is aware of published data that may alter the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of an agent to humans is encouraged to make this information available to the Section of IARC Monographs, International Agency for...

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“…Although some details of results are not reported, the study is considered valid. Ames test (plate incorporation method) S. typhimurium TA100 1000 µg/plate Negative 2 (Ball et al, 1984) Ames test (plate incorporation method) S. typhimurium TA98; TA100 Not reported Negative 2 (Rogan et al, 1986) Ames test (pre-incubation method)…”

Section: Rat; M F 50mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 20, Revision 4 (FGE.20Rev4): Benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids, and related esters from chemical groups 23 and 30

Publication¹

2012

EFS2

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[FL no: 09.858]. None of the substances were considered to have genotoxic potential. The substances were evaluated through a stepwise approach (the Procedure) that integrates information on structure-activity relationships, intake from current uses, toxicological threshold of concern, and available data on metabolism and toxicity. The Panel concluded that all the substances do not give rise to safety concerns at their levels of dietary intake, estimated on the basis of the MSDI approach. Besides the safety assessment of these flavouring substances, the specifications for the materials of commerce have also been considered. Adequate specifications including complete purity criteria and identity for the materials of commerce have been provided for all 45 candidate substances. Twenty-five flavouring substances in the present group have been reported to occur naturally in a wide range of food items.In its evaluation, the Panel as a default used the "Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intake" (MSDI) approach to estimate the per capita intakes of the flavouring substances in Europe. However, when the Panel examined the information provided by the European Flavour Industry on the use levels in various foods, it appeared obvious that the MSDI approach in a number of cases would grossly underestimate the intake by regular consumers of products flavoured at the use level reported by the Industry, especially in those cases where the annual production values were reported to be small. In consequence, the Panel had reservations about the data on use and use levels provided and the intake estimates obtained by the MSDI approach.In the absence of more precise information that would enable the Panel to make a more realistic estimate of the intakes of the flavouring substances, the Panel has decided also to perform an estimate of the daily intakes per person using a "modified Theoretical Added Maximum Daily Intake" (mTAMDI) approach based on the normal use levels reported by Industry. In those cases where the mTAMDI approach indicated that the intake of a flavouring substance might exceed its corresponding threshold of concern, the Panel decided not to carry out a formal safety assessment using the Procedure. In these cases the Panel requires more precise data on use and use levels.According to the default MSDI approach, the 41 flavouring substances allocated to structural class I have intakes in Europe from 0.001 to 610 microgram/capita/day, which are below the threshold of concern value for structural class I (1800 microgram/person/day). The four substances in structural class II 05.066, 05.221 and 06.104] have estimated intakes of 0.011, 1.2, 0.61 and 100 microgram/capita/day, respectively. These intakes are below the threshold values of 540 microgram/person/day for structural class II.

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Mutagenicity of benzylic acetates, sulfates and bromides of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Cited by 68 publications

References 27 publications

Re‐evaluation of benzyl alcohol (E 1519) as food additive

Re‐evaluation of benzyl alcohol (E 1519) as food additive

Integrating Field Analyses with Laboratory Exposures to Assess Ecosystems Health

Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 20, Revision 4 (FGE.20Rev4): Benzyl alcohols, benzaldehydes, a related acetal, benzoic acids, and related esters from chemical groups 23 and 30

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