Mutagenicity of benzidine and benzidine-congener dyes and selected monoazo dyes in a modified Salmonella assay

Prival, Michael J.; Bell, Sandra J.; Mitchell, Valerie D.; Peiperl, Martha D.; Vaughan, Vicki L.

doi:10.1016/0165-1218(84)90132-0

Cited by 130 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…DCB was mutagenic in TA98, TA100, TA98/1,8-DNP6, TA1535, TA1537, and TA1538 with S9 mix, and the highest potency was detected in TA98 (20)(21)(22)(23)(24). In this study, DCB was revealed to be highly mutagenic in YG1024, Oacetyltransferase-overproducing derivative of TA98, with S9 mix, and its activity was about 50 times as high as that in TA98 with S9 mix (Table 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Mutagenicity of DCB: It has been revealed that DCB is mutagenic in S. typhimurium TA98, TA100, and some other strains with and/or without S9 mix (20)(21)(22)(23)(24), and that the most potent mutagenicity was detected in TA98 with S9 mix. However, there was no report on the mutagenicity of DCB in S. typhimurium YG1024, an O-acetyltransferase-overproducing deriva- tive of TA98.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, MCB was revealed to be a transient intermediate and benzidine was formed as a stable photoproduct by subsequent photodechlorination of MCB. Benzidine is mutagenic (20)(21)(22)(23)(24) and carcinogenic in several animals (28); moreover, it has been recognized as a human carcinogen (Group 1) by IARC (31).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of 3,3′-Dichlorobenzidine in Water from the Waka River in Wakayama, Japan

Watanabe

Hasei

Ohe

et al. 2006

Genes and Environment

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In a previous study, we found that water concentrate from the Waka River, which ‰ows through an industrial area in Wakayama, Japan, showed signiˆcant mutagenicity in Salmonella typhimurium YG1024 without a mammalian metabolic system (S9 mix), and 4-amino-3,3?-dichloro-5,4?-dinitrobiphenyl (ADDB) was identiˆed as a major direct-acting mutagenic constituent in the water concentrate. ADDB induced 428,000 revertants/mg in YG1024 without S9 mix, and this activity was 48 times as high as that with S9 mix. In this study, to clarify whether other mutagenic contaminants were present in the river, water concentrates were collected at three sites along the Waka River and examined for mutagenicity by the Ames test using YG1024 and YG1029 with and without S9 mix. All water concentrates showed potent mutagenicity in YG1024 with and/or without S9 mix. ADDB was detected in water concentrate that was extremely mutagenic without S9 mix. An indirect-acting mutagen, which accounted for more than 30% of the total mutagenicity of the water concentrates in YG1024 with S9 mix, was isolated from two extremely mutagenic water concentrates by HPLC separation. On the basis of spectral data and co-chromatography using authentic chemicals, this mutagen was identiˆed as 3,3?-dichlorobenzidine (DCB). DCB showed strong mutagenicity in YG1024 with S9 mix, inducing 5,186 revertants/mg. DCB was detected in water concentrates collected on the other three sampling dates in the range from 15.8 to 28.5 mg/g of blue rayon. These results suggest that Waka River water might be continually contaminated with mutagens, and DCB was thought to be the major mutagenic constituent of the river water.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of 3,3′-Dichlorobenzidine in Water from the Waka River in Wakayama, Japan

Watanabe

Hasei

Ohe

et al. 2006

Genes and Environment

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“…It has been confirmed that DCB is mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537, and TA1538 with the presence of the S9 metabolic enzyme activation system [Garner, 1975;Lazear and Louie, 1978;Lazear et al, 1979;Booth et al, 1980;Vithayathil et al, 1983;Prival et al, 1984;Reid et al, 1984;Gentile et al, 1985;Iba, 1987;Lang and Iba, 1987;Messerly et al, 1987;Chung et al, 2000]. Among all dihalogenated benzidines, it is shown that DCB is the most mutagenic [Savard and Josephy, 1986].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Light-induced mutagenicity in Salmonella TA102 and genotoxicity/cytotoxicity in human T-cells by 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine: a chemical used in the manufacture of dyes and pigments and in tattoo inks

et al. 2005

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Abstract3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine (DCB) is used primarily as an intermediate in the manufacture of diarylide yellow or azo red pigments for printing inks, textiles, paints, and plastics. It is also used in tattoo inks. In this article, we investigate light-induced toxicity of DCB in both bacteria and human Jurkat T-cells. DCB itself is not toxic or mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA102, but is photomutagenic at concentrations as low as 2 µM and phototoxic at concentrations >100 µM when the bacteria is exposed to DCB and light at the same time (1.2 J/cm 2 of UVA and 2.1 J/cm 2 of visible light). Furthermore, DCB is both photocytotoxic and photogenotoxic to human Jurkat Tcells. Under a constant light irradiation dose of 2.3 J/cm 2 of UVA and 4.2 J/cm 2 of visible light, it causes the Jurkat T-cells to become non-viable in a DCB dose-dependent manner and only 40% viable cells remaining at DCB concentrations higher than 50 µM. At the same time, DNA fragmentation is observed for the cells exposed to both DCB and light, determined by single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay). As much as 8 % of the cellular DNA is fragmented when exposed to 200 µM DCB and light irradiation. This suggests that DCB can penetrate the cell membrane and enter the cell. Upon light activation, DCB in the cells can cause various cellular damages, including DNA fragmentation, leading to non-viable Jurkat T-cells. It appears, though, non-viable cells may not be caused solely by fragmentation of cellular DNA, but other damages such as to proteins and cell membranes, or other forms of DNA damage such as alkylation that does not cause DNA to fragment, may also be involved. Therefore, persons exposed to DCB through environmental contamination or through tattoo piercing using DCB-contaminated inks must not only concern about its toxicity without exposing to light, but also about its phototoxicity.

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“…A number of dyes have been tested for mutagenicity using Salmonella assay. Several of them have been found to be carcinogenic [4,15,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Mutagenicity of Textile Dyes From Pali (Rajasthan) Using Ames Bioassay

Mathur¹

2006

Appl Ecol Env Res

144

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Abstract. In Rajasthan state particularly, textile mills represent an important economic sector. Pali district in Rajasthan has got largest number of textile industries in the State i.e.989 units, mostly engaged in cotton and synthetic textile printing and dyeing. These industries liberate a variety of chemicals, dyes, acids and alkalis besides other toxic compounds like heavy metals, which are known for their hazardous properties. However, excessive and indiscriminate use of dyestuffs has become increasingly a subject of environmental concern. These dyes can enter the environment through the industrial effluents of dye manufacturing plants and from textile dyeing and printing operations, as wastewater effluents. Assessment of genotoxicity of dyes is therefore of utmost importance. Short-term genetic bioassays have proved to be an important tool in such studies because of their simplicity, sensitivity to genetic damage, speed, low cost of experimentation and small amount of sample required. A total of 7 dyes were tested for their mutagenicity, by Ames assay, using strain TA 100 of Salmonella typhimurium. Only 1 dye, Violet showed absence of mutagenic activity. The remaining 6 dyes were all positively mutagenic.

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Mutagenicity of benzidine and benzidine-congener dyes and selected monoazo dyes in a modified Salmonella assay

Cited by 130 publications

References 13 publications

Detection of 3,3′-Dichlorobenzidine in Water from the Waka River in Wakayama, Japan

Detection of 3,3′-Dichlorobenzidine in Water from the Waka River in Wakayama, Japan

Light-induced mutagenicity in Salmonella TA102 and genotoxicity/cytotoxicity in human T-cells by 3,3′-dichlorobenzidine: a chemical used in the manufacture of dyes and pigments and in tattoo inks

Assessing Mutagenicity of Textile Dyes From Pali (Rajasthan) Using Ames Bioassay

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