Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of germanium compounds

Gerber, G. B.; Léonard, A.

doi:10.1016/s1383-5742(97)00034-3

Cited by 88 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…It is well known that main pharmacological activities of germanium compounds include antimicrobial, antitumor and immunomodulating effects (Kaars Sijpesteijn et al, 1964;Aso et al, 1985Aso et al, , 1989Suzuki et al, 1985;Brutkiewicz and Suzuki, 1987;Goodman, 1988;Jao et al, 1990;Nakada et al, 1993;Ikemoto et al, 1996;Gerber and Leonard, 1997;Kang et al, 2001). However, it has been reported that germanium compounds exhibit diverse toxicities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite no essential biological role, diverse germanium compounds have been reported to be biologically active in inducing erythropoietic (Hammett et al, 1992), antimicrobial (Kaars Sijpesteijn et al, 1964), antiviral (Aso et al, 1989), antimutagenic (Kada et al, 1984;Han et al, 1992;Olsen et al, 1995;Gerber and Leonard, 1997;Lee et al, 1998), antitumor Brutkiewicz and Suzuki, 1987;Jao et al, 1990;Gerber and Leonard, 1997;Kang et al, 2001), analgesic (Suzuki and Taguchi, 1983) and immunomodulating (Aso et al, 1985;Nakada et al, 1993;Ikemoto et al, 1996) activities, in addition to diverse therapeutic effects (Goodman, 1988;Tao and Bolger, 1997), along with antagonistic action on heavy metal poisoning (Han et al, 1992;Lee et al, 1998). Thus, germanium-containing dietary supplements have become increasingly popular in recent years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Oral Single- And Repeated-Dose Toxicity Studies on Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast, Organic Germanium Fortified Yeasts, in Rats

Lee¹,

Park²,

Kim³

et al. 2004

J. Toxicol. Sci.

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-Single-and 13-week repeated-dose toxicities of Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast ® , organic germanium fortified yeasts, were investigated in rats. Both sexes of Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered once at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg in single-dose toxicity or daily for 13 weeks at doses of 500, 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg in repeated-dose toxicity tests. In single-dose toxicity test to determine dose levels in repeated-dose toxicity study, the body weight gain was suppressed at 2,000 mg/kg, although no death, clinical signs and pathological findings related to the treatment were observed. In repeated-dose toxicity test, there were no clinical signs in animals administered up to 2,000 mg/kg, except one rat died due to a gavage error. In addition, no significant changes in feed consumption and body weight gain were obtained during the treatment period, in spite of week-to-week fluctuation of water consumption. There were no considerable changes in ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology and serum biochemistry, except a significant decrease in albumin/globulin ratio in males treated with 1,000 mg/kg. In contrast, a significant increase in relative heart weight was observed in both male and female rats treated with a high dose (2,000 mg/kg) of Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast ® . In microscopic examination, mild lesions were found sporadically in both control and treatment groups in a dose-independent manner. In spite of some alterations in water consumption, serum biochemistry and organ weights, such effects were not considered to include toxicopathological significance, based on the lack of dose-dependency, consistent time-course and gender relationship. Taken together, it is suggested that no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast ® is considered to be over 2,000 mg/kg in rats, and that long-term oral intake in humans might not exert adverse effects.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Single- And Repeated-Dose Toxicity Studies on Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast, Organic Germanium Fortified Yeasts, in Rats

Lee¹,

Park²,

Kim³

et al. 2004

J. Toxicol. Sci.

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“…For example, workers in an indium ingot manufacturing plant who were exposed to insoluble indium compounds through inhalation showed higher concentrations of indium in plasma and urine relative to a control group (Hoet and others, 2012). Germanium toxicity is generally low, and germanium does not appear to be carcinogenic; to the contrary, the organic germanium compound spirogermanium has been shown to destroy cancer cells (Gerber and Léonard, 1997, and references therein). Excessive ingestion of germanium has taken place owing to the belief that germanium in supplements has antioxidant properties.…”

Section: Human Health Concernsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Germanium and indium

Shanks¹,

Kimball²,

Tolcin³

et al. 2017

Professional Paper

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“…Los compuestos de germanio no presentan actividad mutagénica y pueden, bajo ciertas condiciones, inhibir la actividad mutagé-nica de otras sustancias [7]. Los aspectos toxicológicos del dióxido de germanio se han evaluado principalmente en estudios exploratorios en animales para evaluar los efectos adversos reportados en seres humanos, quienes consumieron productos que contenían germanio por sus supuestos efectos protectores para la salud [8].…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Efecto inhibidor del dióxido de germanio sobre el biofouling del puerto de Mar del Plata

et al. 2018

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RESUMENLa fijación del biofouling sobre cualquier tipo de materiales sumergidos acarrea graves pérdidas económicas como consecuencia del deterioro y la salida de servicio de las distintas estructuras. Este asentamiento de organismos que afecta principalmente a embarcaciones, muelles, boyas, granjas de cultivo y tuberías ocurre de forma secuencial, rápida e inmediata después de la inmersión. En principio se asientan organismos microscó-picos ("microfouling") sobre un film preformado de macromoléculas orgánicas adsorbidas sobre la superficie sumergida; la exudación de polímeros extracelulares de las bacterias forma una especie de malla que sirve de anclaje, sostén y nutrición para las esporas algales y larvas de organismos macroscópicos que arriban más tarde. Esta comunidad denominada biofouling alcanza un espesor considerable en poco tiempo y por esta razón, se busca para su control formulaciones antifouling eficaces cuyos componentes sean ecológicamente aceptables. La inhibición que ejerce el dióxido de germanio sobre el desarrollo de organismos del microfouling (principalmente diatomeas, hongos y bacterias) plantea la posibilidad de su utilización como compuesto antiincrustante. En este sentido se estudió el efecto del dióxido de germanio incluido en una pintura antiincrustante expuesta en el puerto de Mar del Plata durante el período de verano. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la formulación con dióxido de germanio inhibió no solo el asentamiento de diatomeas sino que también afectó la fijación de especies conspicuas del macrofouling (ascidias solitarias y coloniales, gusanos tubícolas y cirripedios). Sobre la base de estos estudios se puede concluir que el dióxido de germanio puede ser empleado como compuesto antifouling dado que demostró alta efectividad sobre un amplio espectro de organismos integrantes de la comunidad.Palabras clave: dióxido de germanio, biofouling, pinturas antifouling amigables con el ambiente. ABSTRACTMarine biofouling on any new material immersed in seawater can lead to extra costs due to increased maintenance, or/and even mechanical wear, and/or biodeterioration that require costly antifouling measures. Fouling organisms growing on immersed manmade surfaces affect hulls, piers, buoys, aquaculture and pipes mainly. Following adsorption of a conditioning film of macromolecules, microorganisms which are the primary colonizers ("microfouling"), are found on unprotected surfaces after only a few minutes of immersion. Extracellular polymeric material exudates from bacteria forms a net that permits anchorage and protection for spores of macroalgae and macroinvertebrate larvae which arrive later. This community is called "biofouling" and develops a thick layer rapidly. As a consequence, the search is orientated to new efficient compounds to formulate environmental friendly antifouling paints.It is well known the inhibitory effect of germanium dioxide on microfouling organisms (diatoms, fungi and bacteria, mainly) and this property promotes its use as antifouling compound. In this sense, g...

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Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of germanium compounds

Cited by 88 publications

References 27 publications

Oral Single- And Repeated-Dose Toxicity Studies on Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast, Organic Germanium Fortified Yeasts, in Rats

Oral Single- And Repeated-Dose Toxicity Studies on Geranti Bio-Ge Yeast, Organic Germanium Fortified Yeasts, in Rats

Germanium and indium

Efecto inhibidor del dióxido de germanio sobre el biofouling del puerto de Mar del Plata

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