Mutagenicity and genotoxicity of dicapthon insecticide

Abstract

Mutagenic and genotoxic effects of dicapthon were investigated by using the bacterial reverse mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium TA97, TA98, TA100 and TA102 strains with or without metabolic activation system (S9 mix), and chromosome aberrations (CAs), sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), and micronucleus (MN) tests in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. Dicapthon was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide for all test systems. 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 lg/plate doses of dicapthon were found to be weakly mutagenic on S. typhimurium TA 98 without S9 mix. The human peripheral lymphocytes were treated with four experimental concentrations of dicapthon (25, 50, 100, and 200 lg/mL) for 24 and 48 h. Dicapthon increased the frequency of SCE only at the 100 lg/mL concentration for the 24 and 48 h applications. Dicapthon also induced abnormal cell frequency, CA/cell ratio and frequency of MN dose dependently for 24 and 48 h. Dicapthon showed a statistically significant cytotoxic effect by decreasing the mitotic index in all concentrations and a cytostatic effect by decreasing nuclear division index in 100 and 200 lg/mL concentrations for both treatment periods when compared with both untreated and solvent controls. These values decreased also in a dose dependent manner.

Effect of inoculation of Burkholderia sp. strain SJ98 on bacterial community dynamics and para-nitrophenol, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, and 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol degradation in soil

“…Methyl-parathion, fenitrothion, and dicapthon are rapidly degraded in the environment 1 – 3 ; therefore, the environmental contamination is more likely due to the presence of PNP, 3M4NP, and 2C4NP. In recent years, several studies have described the remediation of PNP-contaminated soil 14 and soils contaminated with PNP as well as other pollutants 22 – 24 ; however, to our knowledge, there are no documented cases of bioremediation of 3M4NP-contaminated soil, or of soils contaminated with mixtures of PNP, 3M4NP, and 2C4NP.…”

“…In aerobic environments, methyl-parathion, fenitrothion, and dicapthon can be rapidly degraded (days to weeks 1–3 ) to para -nitrophenol (PNP), 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (3M4NP), and 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (2C4NP); these compounds are persistent and have serious health impacts on humans and animals 4, 5 . These nitrophenol pollutants are also widely used in synthesizing drugs, dyes, herbicides, and fungicides, among others 4, 6 .…”

“…Methyl-parathion ( O , O -dimethyl O - p -nitrophenol phosphorothioate), fenitrothion ( O , O -dimethyl O - p -nitro- m -tolyl phosphorothioate), and dicapthon [ O , O -dimethyl O -(2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate] are representative organophosphorus pesticides that are used extensively to control a wide range of agricultural pests, especially in developing countries. In aerobic environments, methyl-parathion, fenitrothion, and dicapthon can be rapidly degraded (days to weeks 1 – 3 ) to para -nitrophenol (PNP), 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol (3M4NP), and 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol (2C4NP); these compounds are persistent and have serious health impacts on humans and animals 4 , 5 . These nitrophenol pollutants are also widely used in synthesizing drugs, dyes, herbicides, and fungicides, among others 4 , 6 .…”