Mutagenicity and Cytotoxicity of Particulate Matter Emitted from Biodiesel-Fueled Engines

Abstract

Biodiesel engines produce several intermediate species, which can potentially harm the human health. The concentration of these species and their health risk potential varies depending on engine technology, fuel, and engine operating condition. In this study, experiments were performed on a large number of engines having different configurations (emissions norms/fuel used), which were operated at part load/full load using B20 (20% v/v biodiesel blended with mineral diesel) and mineral diesel. Experiments included measurement of gaseous emissions, and physical, chemical, and biological characterization of exhaust particulate matter (PM). Chemical characterization of PM was carried out for detecting polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH's) and PM bound trace metals. The biological toxicity associated with PM was assessed using human embryonic kidney 293T cells (HEK 293T). The mutagenic potential of the PM was tested at three different concentrations (500, 100, and 50 μg/mL) using two different Salmonella strains, TA98 and TA100, with and without liver S9 metabolic enzyme fraction. PM samples exhibited cytotoxic effect on HEK 293T cells (IC 50 < 100 μg/mL) and there was significant potential for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Comparison of different engines showed that modern engines (Euro-III and Euro-IV compliant) produced relatively cleaner exhaust compared to older engines (Euro-II compliant). Biodiesel-fueled engines emitted lower number of particles compared to diesel-fueled engines. However, chemical characterization revealed that biodiesel-fueled engines exhaust PM contained several harmful PAHs and trace metals, which affected the biological activity of these PM, as reflected in the biological investigations. Mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of PM from biodiesel-fueled engines were relatively higher compared to their diesel counterparts, indicating the need for exhaust gas after-treatment.

Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Human Health in Indian Cities: A Brief Review

“…Various studies have been conducted regarding air pollution and their associated health impacts for Indian cities such as for Delhi (Gurjar et al, 2010;HEI, 2011;Rizwan et al, 2013;Nagpure et al, 2014); Chandigarh (Gupta et al, 2001); Kolkata (Ghose et al, 2005;Gurjar et al, 2016;Haque and Singh, 2017); Rajasthan (Rumana et al, 2014); Lucknow (Lawrence and Fatima, 2014); Mumbai (Joseph et al, 2003;Maji et al, 2016); Maharashtra (Maji et al, 2016), Agra (Maji et al, 2017); Gwalior City (Dandotiya et al, 2020); Chennai (Jayanthi and Krishnamoorthy, 2006;HEI, 2011). Agarwal et al (2018) studied mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of PM from biodiesel-fueled engines that were relatively higher compared to their diesel counterparts, indicating the need for exhaust gas after-treatment. The exhaust of chemical characterization revealed that biodiesel-fueled engines contained several harmful PAHs and trace metals, which affected the biological activity of PM.…”

Osmium isotope and trace elements reveal melting of Chhota Shigri Glacier, western Himalaya, insensitive to anthropogenic emission residues

“…Research Laboratory at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India by following published protocols (Agarwal et al, 2018). In brief, exhaust particulates were collected on a 47 mm quartz filter paper (PM 2.5 ) that was fitted on the exhaust tail type of the CRDI diesel engine.…”

“…In brief, exhaust particulates were collected on a 47 mm quartz filter paper (PM 2.5 ) that was fitted on the exhaust tail type of the CRDI diesel engine. The operating conditions of the engine were optimized to those types of vehicles driven in India (outlined in Agarwal et al, 2018). To avoid the possibility of any contamination with previous 15 experiments, the walls of the photochemical chamber were thoroughly cleaned using ethanol and high purity water (18.2 MΩ cm) from a Millipore water purification system, and before sampling, zero air supply (containing less than 0.1 ppm of total hydrocarbon) was used to flush the photochemical chamber thoroughly.…”

Source Contribution of Firecrackers Burst vs. Long-Range Transport of Biomass Burning Emissions Over an Urban Background

“…For example, a recent study assesses the secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formation due to ozone utlizing the instrumental variable analysis (IVA) (Rajput and Gupta, 2020). In fact, many studies have focussed on the atmospheric reactivity and health impacts of several types of organic compounds including the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (Ackerman et al, 1994;Maria et al, 2004;Che et al, 2016;Ruehl et al, 2016;Singh and Gupta, 2016;Agarwal et al, 2018). The surface layer reactivity of PAHs with the atmospheric oxidants (e.g., O 3 or OH radical) has been found to be asociated with an enhanced cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activation efficiency and toxicity (of a particle) (Perraudin et al, 2007;Kaiser et al, 2011).…”