Mutagenic screening of marker grenade dyes by the salmonella reversion assay, l5178y/tk^± mouse lymphoma assay, and in vivo sister chromatid exchange analysis in mice

Abstract

Two dyes (C.I. Solvent Yellow No. 33 and a mixture of C.I. Solvent Yellow No. 33 and C.I. Solvent Green No. 3) were tested for mutagenicity in the Salmonella reversion assay and the L5178Y/TK± mouse lymphoma assay, and also for sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction in vivo in C57B1/6J mice. In addition, a > 99.9% pure sample of the yellow dye [2‐(2′‐quinolyl)‐1,3‐indandione] was tested with and without exogenous activation in the Salmonella reversion assay and the L5178Y/TK± mouse lymphoma assay. Neither C.I. Solvent Yellow No. 33 nor the C.I. Solvent Yellow No. 33 and Solvent Green No. 3 mixture was positive for inducing SCEs in vivo. All three dyes were tested in the standard plate incorporation test in seven Salmonella strains TA98, TA100, TA102, TA104, TA1535, TA1537, and TA1538. The dyes were negative with and without exogenous activation in TA98, TA1535, and TA1538. One test with TA1537 was positive with the > 99.9% purified yellow dye. All three dyes gave weakly positive results (less than a twofold increase) with S‐9 in TA100 and were clearly positive in TA102 and TA104 both with and without S‐9. They also induced mutation at the thymidine kinase locus in mouse.

Water quality criteria for colored smokes: Solvent Yellow 33, Final report. [Contains glossary]

“…The dyes were dissolved in DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide) and tested at the following concentrations: 0, 1, 5, 10, 30, 50, 100, 300, 500, and 1,000 pg/plate. Solvent Yellow 33/Solvent Green 3 mixture precipitated at 100 pg/plate, and Solvent Yellow 33 precipitated at 300 pg/plate, causing a narrower dose-response range and increased variations in the data (Moore et al 1984).…”

“…Strain TA102 gave a strong positive response to all three dyes with and without S9 activation, and strains TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, and TA98 gave negative responses to all three .dyes with and without S9 activation, except for one positive response to purified Solvent Yellow 33 using TA1537. Therefore, all three dyes were mutagenic in three strains of Salmonella tv~himurium (TA100, TA104, and TA102) (Moore et al 1984). …”

“…Solvent Yellow 33 was purified by recrystallizing three times with ethyl acetate. HPLC analysis of the purified dye indicated <0.1 percent impurities (Moore et al 1984). -.…”

“…Because solubility of the dyes in 1 percent DMSO was limited, the concentration range was narrower than is usually prescribed, and concentrations above 20 pg/mL had to be prepared in 2 percent DMSO. A positive response was indicated by a twofold increase in the mutant frequency at one or more concentrations from two separate assays and by a dose-response relationship when cell survival was greater than 10 percent (Moore et al 1984).…”

“…The detection limit was 0.08 mg/L. Moore et al (1984) and Muni et al (1986) analyzed solvent Yellow 33 by reverse-phase HPLC (gradient of 90:lO methano1:water up to 100 percent methanol in 10 min, 1 mL/min flow rate, ultraviolet detection at 254 nm). The major component was 2-(2'-quinoly1)-1,3-indandione (93.1 percent) with minor components of phthalic acid/anhydride ( 4 .…”