“…A smart adhesive can be deactivated or reactivated in response to externally applied stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature, light), which has various applications in multiple fields (e.g., biomedical, structural joints, automotive industry, robotics). − However, most of the existing smart adhesives exhibit poor adhesion in a wet environment . Recently, smart adhesives inspired by mussel adhesive proteins containing catechol have been developed for their ability to bond to wet surfaces reversibly. , The interfacial binding of catechol to various surfaces is often based on H-bonding, electrostatic interactions, and coordination bonds. − The adhesive property of catechol is dependent on its oxidation state, which can be controlled by changing the pH. − Previously, we demonstrated that it is feasible to directly deactivate surface-bound catechol-based adhesives through the electrochemical oxidation of catechol. , Our works inspired Huang et al to design a climbing robot that utilized catechol-containing hydrogels as adhesive pads and electrical current was utilized to control the adhesive property of the hydrogel. However, these existing designs relied on a conductive surface to function as a counter electrode, − which greatly limits the application of catechol-based smart adhesives.…”