Muslims’ collective self-description as reflected in the institutional recognition of Islam: The islamic Charta of the central council of muslims in Germany and case law in german courts

The Limits of European Islam: Turkish Islamic Umbrella Organizations and their Relations with Host Countries—France and Germany

“…7 Furthermore, Islamic organizations have become especially important players in the wake of the "Islamization" of migration since the 9/11 attacks. 8 I argue that the Turkish Islamic umbrella organizations in Germany are more critical of host-state policies and policy-makers than those in France. This finding is surprising given that scholars have claimed that France has been less accommodating than Germany to the religious rights of Muslims, 9 and that Germany "upholds an even more protective regime for religious freedoms than one can find in the United States".…”