Music as a Reinforcer in Patient-Controlled Duration of Time-Out

Behavioral suppression of seriously disruptive behavior in psychotic and retarded patients: A review of punishment and its alternatives.

“…Procedures that eliminate a specific source of reinforcement without removing the person from an activity have also been explored, however. These have included music distortion (Greene et al, 1970), television distortion (Greene & Hoats, 1969), removal of music (Hauck & Martin, 1970;Ritschl et al, 1972), withholding food (Barton et al, 1970; G. L. Martin et al, 1971;, turning away from the child (Brawley et al, 1969;G. Martin, 1975;McReynolds, 1969;Sachs, 1973), covering the child's face with a bib (Zegiob et al, 1976), and placing a woman who could not walk on the floor (Bostow & Bailey, 1969).…”

“…Mixed results were found in studies in which the procedures were not applied in the novel settings. Hauck and Martin (1970), using removal of music, reported that control of finger flicking generalized to a new setting when the same music was played. Pendergrass (1971) stated that control over a retarded child's hitting of people by a social-isolation procedure did not generalize to control over hitting objects.…”

Patients' Perception and Attitudes towards the Use of Music as Therapy in Psychiatric Hospitals

“…The clients demonstrated inappropriate mannerisms such as pacing back, rocking back and forth when seated, and finger flicking. Results revealed that symptoms occur if the music stopped abruptly and improve when music started, according to the ward staff's reports (11) . Another research investigated the effect of music on cognitive task performance of schizophrenics.…”