Music and neuro-cognitive deficits in depression

Abstract

BackgroundCognitive deficits are one of the core features of major depressive disorder (MDD) that play crucial role in functional recovery. Studies have explored cognitive deficits in MDD, however, given inconsistent results, especially in mild-moderate MDD. Recently, studies have explored music as cognitive ability in various clinical conditions. In MDD, large focus has been on evaluating emotion deficits and just a handful on music cognition. With growing evidence on use of music based intervention to target cognitive deficits, it is imperative to explore nature of music cognitive ability in MDD.AimTo examine musical and neuro-cognitive deficits in patients with mild-moderate MDD.MethodsPatients diagnosed with mild or moderate MDD (n = 19) and matched healthy controls (HC) (n = 18) were evaluated on selected tests from NIMHANS Neuropsychological test battery and Montreal battery for evaluation of amusia (MBEA).ResultsMDD group performed significantly lower than HC on working memory (p = 0.007), verbal learning (p = 0.02) and retention (p = 0.03). Three indices were computed for a comprehensive evaluation. Groups did not differ significantly in any of the indices- focused attention, executive function, learning and memory as well as on music cognition. Focused attention and memory index predicted music cognition in HC and the combined group (MDD + HC) (p < 0.01). Attention alone contributed to 62.1% of variance in music cognition. Similarly, music cognition significantly predicted focused attention (p < 0.01).ConclusionIndividuals with mild-moderate MDD show significant deficits in working memory, verbal learning and memory, however, not in music cognition. There exists a significant relationship between music cognition and attention, which could be implicated in use of music interventions to ameliorate cognitive deficits. Limitations of study include small sample size and heterogeneity. Future studies on larger cohort examining musical emotion perception and neurocognition is imperative to have deeper understanding of this debilitating condition.

European and US Aeromedical Authority Guidance for Neurocognitive Evaluation of Airline Pilots With Mental Disorders

“…Several studies show that cognitive functioning may be impaired during an episode of major depression (Kriesche et al, 2022;Raghavendra et al, 2022;Sankar et al, 2023;Wood-Ross et al, 2023). As stated previously, meta-analysis has shown that cognitive impairment of major depression can persist in remission (Rhee et al, 2024).…”

“…There are several studies showing that cognitive functioning may be impaired during episodes of clinical depression (Kriesche et al, 2022;Raghavendra et al, 2022;Sankar et al, 2023;Wood-Ross et al, 2023). These neurocognitive deficits have relevance to the abilities and performance of a pilot.…”