Mushroom poisoning epidemiology in the United States

Brandenburg, William E.; Ward, Karlee J.

doi:10.1080/00275514.2018.1479561

Cited by 79 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Globally, thousands of mushroom poisonings are reported each year [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Approximately 80% of the mushroom poisonings involve unknown mushroom species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the detection of lethal amatoxins from mushrooms

et al. 2020

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The mushroom poison that causes the most deaths is the class of toxins known as amatoxins. Current methods to sensitively and selectively detect these toxins are limited by the need for expensive equipment, or they lack accuracy due to cross-reactivity with other chemicals found in mushrooms. In this work, we report the development of a competition-based lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the rapid, portable, selective, and sensitive detection of amatoxins. Our assay clearly indicates the presence of 10 ng/mL of α-AMA or γ-AMA and the method including extraction and detection can be completed in approximately 10 minutes. The test can be easily read by eye and has a presumed shelf-life of at least 1 year. From testing 110 wild mushrooms, the LFIA identified 6 out of 6 species that were known to contain amatoxins. Other poisonous mushrooms known not to contain amatoxins tested negative by LFIA. This LFIA can be used to quickly identify amatoxin-containing mushrooms.

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“…Globally, thousands of mushroom poisonings are reported each year [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Approximately 80% of the mushroom poisonings involve unknown mushroom species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the detection of lethal amatoxins from mushrooms

et al. 2020

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“…Techniques to properly identify a mushroom include detailed morphological examination of the mushroom body, substrate identification, and knowledge of the location and the season. The toxins often associated with lethal cases are cyclopeptides, and more specifically amanitins (most commonly α-amanitin (α-AMA), β-AMA, and γ-AMA, collectively referred to as amatoxins) [1] ( Figure 1). Amatoxins are found in a few species of mushrooms from different genera, including Amanita, Galerina, and Lepiota [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid, Sensitive, and Accurate Point-of-Care Detection of Lethal Amatoxins in Urine

Bever

Swanson

Hamelin

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Globally, mushroom poisonings cause about 100 human deaths each year, with thousands of people requiring medical assistance. Dogs are also susceptible to mushroom poisonings and require medical assistance. Cyclopeptides, and more specifically amanitins (or amatoxins, here), are the mushroom poison that causes the majority of these deaths. Current methods (predominantly chromatographic, as well as antibody-based) of detecting amatoxins are time-consuming and require expensive equipment. In this work, we demonstrate the utility of the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the rapid detection of amatoxins in urine samples. The LFIA detects as little as 10 ng/mL of α-amanitin (α-AMA) or γ-AMA, and 100 ng/mL of β-AMA in urine matrices. To demonstrate application of this LFIA for urine analysis, this study examined fortified human urine samples and urine collected from exposed dogs. Urine is sampled directly without the need for any pretreatment, detection from urine is completed in 10 min, and the results are read by eye, without the need for specialized equipment. Analysis of both fortified human urine samples and urine samples collected from intoxicated dogs using the LFIA correlated well with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods.

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“…Intoxication by wild mushrooms can occur when edible species are misidentified or toxic species are ingested accidentally by children or used intentionally in the case of suicide attempts or homicides [1][2][3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Toxins 2020, 12, 671 2 of 14 Some mushroom poisoning syndromes are potentially life-threatening [3][4][5]. Mushrooms that contain amatoxins especially have been known to be the main cause of severe to fatal mushroom poisoning for decades [6,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of α- and β-amanitin in Human Plasma at Subnanogram per Milliliter Levels by Reversed Phase Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry

Bambauer

Wagmann

Weber

et al. 2020

Toxins

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Amatoxins are known to be one of the main causes of serious to fatal mushroom intoxication. Thorough treatment, analytical confirmation, or exclusion of amatoxin intake is crucial in the case of any suspected mushroom poisoning. Urine is often the preferred matrix due to its higher concentrations compared to other body fluids. If urine is not available, analysis of human blood plasma is a valuable alternative for assessing the severity of intoxications. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a liquid chromatography (LC)-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS) method for confirmation and quantitation of α- and β-amanitin in human plasma at subnanogram per milliliter levels. Plasma samples of humans after suspected intake of amatoxin-containing mushrooms should be analyzed and amounts of toxins compared with already published data as well as with matched urine samples. Sample preparation consisted of protein precipitation, aqueous liquid-liquid extraction, and solid-phase extraction. Full chromatographical separation of analytes was achieved using reversed-phase chromatography. Orbitrap-based MS allowed for sufficiently sensitive identification and quantification. Validation was successfully carried out, including analytical selectivity, carry-over, matrix effects, accuracy, precision, and dilution integrity. Limits of identification were 20 pg/mL and calibration ranged from 20 pg/mL to 2000 pg/mL. The method was applied to analyze nine human plasma samples that were submitted along with urine samples tested positive for amatoxins. α-Amanitin could be identified in each plasma sample at a range from 37–2890 pg/mL, and β-amanitin was found in seven plasma samples ranging from <20–7520 pg/mL. A LC-HRMS/MS method for the quantitation of amatoxins in human blood plasma at subnanogram per milliliter levels was developed, validated, and used for the analysis of plasma samples. The method provides a valuable alternative to urine analysis, allowing thorough patient treatment but also further study the toxicokinetics of amatoxins.

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Mushroom poisoning epidemiology in the United States

Cited by 79 publications

References 26 publications

Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the detection of lethal amatoxins from mushrooms

Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) for the detection of lethal amatoxins from mushrooms

Rapid, Sensitive, and Accurate Point-of-Care Detection of Lethal Amatoxins in Urine

Analysis of α- and β-amanitin in Human Plasma at Subnanogram per Milliliter Levels by Reversed Phase Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry

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