Mushroom Cultivation Systems: Exploring Antimicrobial and Prebiotic Benefits

Abstract

USHROOM farming is the practice of growing and cultivating various species of mushrooms for food, medicinal, or industrial purposes. It involves creating the ideal environment and conditions for the mushrooms to grow and thrive, such as providing a substrate (a nutrient-rich material on which mushrooms grow), controlling temperature and humidity, and ensuring proper ventilation and lighting.Several innovative applications of mushrooms can be noticed in their farming and cultivation. These applications mainly focus on the medicinal and prebiotic attributes, besides their role in producing food and energy. This review is an attempt to highlight the cultivation of mushrooms and their requirements under different kinds of farming. These farming types may include mushroom-worm system, mushroom-bee farming, smart mushroom farming, forest-mushrooms farming, urban mushroom farming, and mushroom-livestock farming. In this study the condition of cultivation of several mushroom species and their edibility is included. Edible/medicinal mushrooms are well-known for their high content of many beneficial bioactive ingredients for human health such as antioxidants, ergosterols, lectins, phenolics/polyphenolics, polysaccharides, and terpenoids. These bioactives of mushrooms have the potential capability to treat and/or prevent several chronic diseases. The medicinal and prebiotic attributes of mushrooms still need more investigation, and this topic of "mushrooms in medicine" still has several open questions are needed to be answered in the future.

Nano-Food Farming: Toward Sustainable Applications of Proteins, Mushrooms, Nano-Nutrients, and Nanofibers

“…This technology was patented [47,48] and demonstrated as a commercial product that has been applied to applications such as nano-biofortification for human health [49], crop production under stress [50][51][52], and as a nano-bio fungicide agent [53]. The edible mushroom research has included mushroom farming systems and benefits [37], the role of mushroom as antimicrobial agents [54], the production of mushrooms for food and energy [55], nutritional and medicinal attributes of mushrooms [55], producing nanoparticles using mushrooms [56], and green biotechnology related to mushrooms [55]. Black foods, mainly banana and garlic, have received considerable attention at the Nano-Food Lab.…”

“…Research on nano-farming systems has focused on food production through cropping systems [33,34] and animal production systems [35,36]. This includes mushrooms [37,38], vegetables [39], row crops [40], cattle production [41], fisheries [42], and aquaculture like seaweed farming [43], among others. Traditional farming depends on the use of conventional agrochemicals, including fertilizers and pesticides, which have a lot of negative consequences for human and ecosystem health [44,45].…”

Pleurotus ostreatus Mushroom: A Promising Feed Supplement in Poultry Farming

“…Moreover, despite having a 45% water content, SMS possesses a compact composition with a comparatively lower bulk density than manure [56]. Furthermore, extractive compounds presented in SMS are derived from fungal biomass (fungal mycelium), encompassing carbohydrates like β-glucans, as well as proteins and sterols [57], chitin-glucan complex, phenolics, and flavonoids [58], which can be extracted with conventional and modern techniques [57] and then used for their antimicrobial and prebiotic benefits in the food, pharmaceutical, and poultry industries [59]. Generally, there are some groups of bioactives that can be found in P. ostreatus, including polysaccharides, lovastatin, ergosterols and phytochemicals (Figure 1).…”

Biotechnological Applications of Mushrooms under the Water-Energy-Food Nexus: Crucial Aspects and Prospects from Farm to Pharmacy

“…Martinez-Medina et al [60] Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) Antimicrobial and prebiotic benefits for human health. Xhensila et al [61] Pleurotus ostreatus Mushroom Rich in chitin and glucan prebiotics, which enhance beneficial gut bacteria activity as antimicrobial agents.…”