Muscular strategy shift in human running: dependence of running speed on hip and ankle muscle performance

Dorn, Tim W.; Schache, Anthony G.; Pandy, Marcus G.

doi:10.1242/jeb.064527

Cited by 377 publications

(348 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…However, the leveling off was more pronounced at the knee joint. Dorn et al (2012) showed that the peak force in m. gastrocnemius and m. soleus (equivalent to peak plantar flexion moment) increased significantly when running speed increased from 3.49 m·s − 1 (12.56 km·h −1 ) to 5.17 m·s − 1 (18.61 km·h −1 ) and 6.96 m·s − 1 (25.06 km·h −1 ) whereas the peak force in the vasti muscles (equivalent to peak knee extension moment) did not increase. By combining these findings with the results of the present study, we suggest that injuries at the anterior part of the knee (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although several studies provide descriptive results of the peak joint moments at different speeds (Dorn et al, 2012;Hamner et al, 2010;Nilsson and Thorstensson, 1989;Schache et al, 2011), only one study has, to our knowledge, compared the intra-subject change in peak joint moment when running speed is increased (Bredahl et al, 2013). The authors conducted a 2-dimensional motion analysis with 12 recreational runners running at slow (9.1 km·h − 1 on average) and fast (13.0 km·h −1 on average) speed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An interesting new approach would involve more than two different running speeds, since according to Schache et al (2011) and Dorn et al (2012) some kinetic variables display a "speed effect" (i.e. increase significantly in magnitude as running speed is increased).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the "speed effect" is not linear, as some variables seem to reach a plateau (level off), whereas others start off slowly only to increase sharply as running speed approaches sprint. Only athletes/experienced runners were included in Schache et al (2011) and Dorn et al (2012) and only running speeds above 12.6 km·h −1 were measured, which in the perspective of a novice/ recreational runner cannot be considered slow. The new approach would involve more than two pre-determined running speeds at lower pace, in order to find out if the same mechanisms apply to running speeds used by recreational runners.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Comparisons of increases in knee and ankle joint moments following an increase in running speed from 8 to 12 to 16km·h−1

Petersen

Nielsen

Rasmussen

et al. 2014

Clinical Biomechanics

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Comparisons of increases in knee and ankle joint moments following an increase in running speed from 8 to 12 to 16km·h−1

Petersen

Nielsen

Rasmussen

et al. 2014

Clinical Biomechanics

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“…Instead, their results indicated that the sagittal plane ankle joint moments may be the limiting factor, as the ankle plantarflexion moment did not change even with the presence of the additional mass. Previous research has also reported this finding [25] and it has been shown that during running, the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles are the primary contributors to the ankle joint [26]. During curved running, the inside foot was in an everted position during the stance phase [24] and it has been speculated that as the ankle joint moves away from its neutral alignment (into eversion or inversion), its ability to generate force decreases.…”

Section: Outsole Tractionmentioning

confidence: 69%

Biomechanics research and sport equipment development

Stefanyshyn

Wannop

2015

Sports Eng

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Advances in sport equipment have revolutionized athletic competition with engineers developing equipment that can enhance performance. However, not all athletes are able to benefit from the new, ideal equipment, with some athletes performing worse. Although the engineering may be sound, the interaction between the piece of equipment, the athlete, and the action is missing. The purely mechanical system of the piece of equipment becomes a biomechanical system once it is interacting with the athlete. Research into the underlying mechanisms of performance in sport has relied heavily on biomechanical studies. The review of these studies has identified important performance and injury variables that can be influenced by sport equipment. This baseline information helps provide a fundamental understanding of human performance that guide equipment designers and developers. A flawlessly engineered mechanical piece of sport equipment can still fail if the athlete-equipment interaction is not properly addressed in the design process. How an athlete uses a piece of equipment and furthermore how an athlete may change or adapt to changes in properties of a piece of equipment must be taken into consideration. Using properties of footwear as an example, research has provided understanding of the biomechanical limiting factors regarding the influence of footwear traction on athletic performance. Data on other footwear properties such as cushioning and forefoot bending stiffness are limited. Intrinsic musculoskeletal properties, such as the forcelength and force-velocity relationships of skeletal muscle, can be exploited through equipment design, as has been shown during cycling. Modifications to equipment parameters can shift the operating range of an athlete within these relationships to maximize force or power output, which was shown during the development of the clap skate. Additionally, these properties vary slightly from athlete to athlete and minor adjustments to a piece of sporting equipment can help optimize individual athletes according to their specific biomechanical characteristics.

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Activity and functions of the human gluteal muscles in walking, running, sprinting, and climbing

Bartlett

Sumner

Ellis

et al. 2013

American J Phys Anthropol

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It has been suggested that the uniquely large gluteus maximus (GMAX) muscles were an important adaptation during hominin evolution based on numerous anatomical differences between humans and extant apes. GMAX electromyographic (EMG) signals have been quantified for numerous individual movements, but not across the range of locomotor gaits and speeds for the same subjects. Thus, comparing relative EMG amplitudes between these activities has not been possible. We assessed the EMG activity of the gluteal muscles during walking, running, sprinting, and climbing. To gain further insight into the function of the gluteal muscles during locomotion, we measured muscle activity during walking and running with external devices that increased or decreased the need to control either forward or backward trunk pitch. We hypothesized that 1) GMAX EMG activity would be greatest during sprinting and climbing and 2) GMAX EMG activity would be modulated in response to altered forward trunk pitch demands during running. We found that GMAX activity in running was greater than walking and similar to climbing. However, the activity during sprinting was much greater than during running. Further, only the inferior portion of the GMAX had a significant change with altered trunk pitch demands, suggesting that the hip extensors have a limited contribution to the control of trunk pitch movements during running. Overall, our data suggest that the large size of the GMAX reflects its multifaceted role during rapid and powerful movements rather than as a specific adaptation for a single submaximal task such as endurance running.

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Muscular strategy shift in human running: dependence of running speed on hip and ankle muscle performance

Cited by 377 publications

References 94 publications

Comparisons of increases in knee and ankle joint moments following an increase in running speed from 8 to 12 to 16km·h−1

Comparisons of increases in knee and ankle joint moments following an increase in running speed from 8 to 12 to 16km·h−1

Biomechanics research and sport equipment development

Activity and functions of the human gluteal muscles in walking, running, sprinting, and climbing

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