Muscular Metastasis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Case Report and Literature Review

Abstract

There are few case reports of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis to the skeletal muscle. A 78-yearold man developed a mass in the right shoulder. Washout of contrast medium during contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in both the primary HCC and the metastatic site was detected. Several nodules were scattered throughout the liver on an autopsy. In addition, the moderately differentiated HCC had metastasized to the right teres major muscle. Rare muscular metastasis should be considered if a hepatic tumor is moderately or poorly differentiated HCC. Early washout during CEUS is consistent with a pathological diagnosis of moderately or poorly differentiated HCC.

Compound Pelvic Muscle Metastasis in Laryngeal Carcinoma

“…The metastasis of HNSCC often extends to the adjacent lymph nodes in the neck. However, it may also, although less often, disseminate to remote organs such as the lungs, bones, and liver [9]. Although skeletal muscle is most abundant tissue in the body, metastasis are very rare with the prevalence from 0.03 to 17.5% [7].…”

“…Explaining the scarcity of metastases in skeletal muscle is challenging due to the high vascularity of skeletal muscle and its composition, which makes up over 50% of the body's overall mass [9]. There is one hypothesis suggesting that the synthesis of lactic acid by skeletal muscle impedes the growth of tumor cells [9].…”

“…Explaining the scarcity of metastases in skeletal muscle is challenging due to the high vascularity of skeletal muscle and its composition, which makes up over 50% of the body's overall mass [9]. There is one hypothesis suggesting that the synthesis of lactic acid by skeletal muscle impedes the growth of tumor cells [9]. Another proposition is that the circulation in blood vessels and shifting tissue pressures in skeletal muscle, regulated by beta adrenergic receptors, could influence tumor implantation [9].…”

“…There is one hypothesis suggesting that the synthesis of lactic acid by skeletal muscle impedes the growth of tumor cells [9]. Another proposition is that the circulation in blood vessels and shifting tissue pressures in skeletal muscle, regulated by beta adrenergic receptors, could influence tumor implantation [9]. Lastly, the muscle contains proteases and other inhibitors that successfully impede the invasion and development of tumors [9].…”

“…Another proposition is that the circulation in blood vessels and shifting tissue pressures in skeletal muscle, regulated by beta adrenergic receptors, could influence tumor implantation [9]. Lastly, the muscle contains proteases and other inhibitors that successfully impede the invasion and development of tumors [9]. According to the available literature, there are three important pathophysiological mechanisms that explain the causes of muscular metastasis.…”