Muscle weakness precedes atrophy during cancer cachexia and is associated with muscle-specific mitochondrial stress

Abstract

Muscle weakness and wasting are defining features of cancer-induced cachexia. Mitochondrial stress occurs before atrophy in certain muscles, but distinct responses between muscles and across time remains unclear. We aimed to determine the time-dependent and muscle-specific responses to Colon-26 (C26) cancer-induced cachexia in mice. At 2 weeks post-inoculation, the presence of small tumours did not alter body or muscle mass but decreased force production in the quadriceps and diaphragm. Pyruvate-supported mitochondrial respiration was lower in quadriceps while mitochondrial H2O2 emission was elevated in diaphragm. At 4 weeks, large tumours corresponded to lower body mass, muscle mass, and cross-sectional area of fibers in quadriceps and diaphragm. Force production in quadriceps was unchanged but remained lower in diaphragm vs control. Mitochondrial respiration was increased while H2O2 emission was unchanged in both muscles vs control. Mitochondrial creatine sensitivity was compromised in quadriceps. These findings indicate muscle weakness precedes atrophy in quadriceps and diaphragm but is linked to heterogeneous mitochondrial alterations. Eventual muscle-specific restorations in force and bioenergetics highlight how the effects of cancer on one muscle do not predict the response in another muscle. Exploring heterogeneous responses of muscles to cancer may reveal new mechanisms underlying distinct sensitivities, or resistance, to cancer cachexia.