Muscle Size Responses to Strength Training in Young and Older Men and Women

Roth, Stephen M.; Ivey, Frederick M.; Martel, Gregory F.; Lemmer, Jeffrey T.; Hurlbut, D. E.; Siegel, Eliot L.; Metter, E. Jeffrey; Fleg, Jerome L.; Fozard, James L.; Kostek, Matthew C.; Wernick, David M.; Hurley, Ben F.

doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2001.4911233.x

Cited by 126 publications

(122 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Others have reported no differences in size between genders in response to training. 40,41 Ivey et al 26 found that males increased their mCSA more than females, but they only reported absolute values. Other studies have also found either a larger, 41 or the same strength responses in females vs. males.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strength, Size, and Muscle Quality in the Upper Arm following Unilateral Training in Younger and Older Males and Females

Tanton

Cappaert

Gordon

et al. 2009

Clinical medicine. Arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders

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Purpose: To assess strength, size, and muscle quality differences between younger and older males and females in response to training. Methods:The bicep and tricep of the non-dominant arm were trained for twelve weeks in younger and older males and females (n = 41). The bicep of both arms were assessed pre and post for muscle strength using one-repetition maximum (1 RM) testing, and size using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Results: Strength (p Ͻ 0.05), mCSA (p Ͻ 0.05), and 1 RM MQ (p Ͻ 0.00) increased in response to training in all subjects regardless of age or gender. Younger and older subjects had similar increases in strength (45.49 ± 15.30% vs. 42.67 ± 26.67% respectively), mCSA (16.22 ± 7.98% vs. 19.17 ± 6.19% respectively), and 1RM MQ (25.73 ± 15.76 vs. 19.67 ± 20.66 respectively). Women increased their strength (55.59 ± 19.45% vs. 32.87 ± 15.66% p Ͻ 0.00 respectively), size (20.36 ± 6.29% vs. 14.72 ± 7.28% p Ͻ 0.02 respectively), and 1 RM MQ (29.74 ± 18.33% vs. 16.30 ± 15.59% p Ͻ.02) more than men. In comparing age and gender, younger females increased their strength more than older males (56.42 ± 12.92% vs. 29.17 ± 21.8% p Ͻ.02 respectively). Older females also increased their strength more than older males (54.68 ± 25.73 vs. 29.17 ± 21.80% respectively). Younger females increased their 1 RM MQ more than older males (.18 ± .08 kg/cm vs. .06 ± .08 kg/cm p Ͻ.02 respectively). Conclusion:Strength and mCSA increases similarly in older and younger subjects. However, the overall strength and quality of the muscle seems to improve more in women than in men.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strength, Size, and Muscle Quality in the Upper Arm following Unilateral Training in Younger and Older Males and Females

Tanton

Cappaert

Gordon

et al. 2009

Clinical medicine. Arthritis and musculoskeletal disorders

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“…Além disso, o exercício físico pode aprimorar a realização das tarefas do cotidiano com aumento da força e resistência muscular (5,6) , aptidão aeróbia (7) , flexibilidade (3) e evitar ou minimizar o aumento da gordura visceral e a sarcopenia que estão associadas à síndrome metabólica e incapacidade funcional (8)(9)(10) . Se por um lado a prática de exercícios físicos promove benefícios morfológicos, fisiológicos e funcionais, o tempo necessário para que essas melhoras sejam mantidas após a interrupção no treinamento permanece controverso (6,7,11,12) .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Efeito de um mês de destreinamento sobre a aptidão física relacionada à saúde em programa de mudança de estilo de vida

Michelin¹,

Coelho

Burini

2008

Rev Bras Med Esporte

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Effects of One Month2 ) e realizados testes motores para flexibilidade (FLEX), força de membros inferiores (FMI) e superiores (FMS) e consumo máximo de oxigênio (VO 2máx. ) no início do programa (MI), após nove meses de treinamento (MT) e após pausa de um mês (MD). O tratamento estatístico utilizado foi ANOVA com nível de significância de 5% e o teste de Tukey para a localização das diferenças entre os grupos, quando a mesma foi constatada. Os resultados mostraram que ganhos significativos de 22% e 7% na força de membros inferiores e VO 2máx. respectivamente, alcançados com o treinamento foram mantidos após a interrupção do programa por um mês; enquanto que o aumento de 8% na flexibilidade retornou aos níveis basais após o período de destreinamento. Conclui-se que embora mantidos os ganhos de força de membros inferiores e capacidade aeróbica adquiridos, um mês de destreinamento foi suficiente para perder a flexibilidade conquistada.Palavras-chave: exercício físico, saúde, interrupção do treinamento. ABSTRACTPhysical exercise induces hemodynamic/ventilatory and neuromuscular adaptations that can be reverted with interruption of the training program. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of detraining on physical fitness related to health. Forty-four healthy subjects, both male and female, aged 57.6±8.9 years performed the 'Mexa-se Pró-Saúde' protocol with nutritional orientation and supervised physical exercises for nine months. The program consisted of aerobic, localized muscular endurance and flexibility exercises, with duration 80 minutes/session, five days/week. Only subjects who participated in the program for more than three days/week have been selected. The detraining period was one month. Weight (kg) and height (m) were measured and the body mass index (BMI) calculated. Additionally, motors tests to evaluate the flexibility (FLEX), strength of lower limbs (SLL) and upper limbs (SUL), and maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2máx ) were conducted in the beginning of the study (MI), after nine months of practicing (MT) and after detraining period (MD). ANOVA (p<0.05) and Tukey test to show the difference between groups when it evidence were used for statistical treatment. The results showed that the gains of 22% and 7% on SLL and VO 2máx respectively, obtained with the training, have not changed during the detraining period; however, the flexibility gain of 8% returned back to baseline after the detraining period. BMI and SUL did not change during the study. Although the lower limbs strength gains and maximal oxygen uptake obtained have been kept, one month of detraining was enough for losing the flexibility acquired.

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“…It is certainly reasonable to expect the volume of loading within each exercise bout to influence the repair/regeneration time course as well. For example, Roth et al (57) found no age differences in MRI-determined muscle size gains after 6 mo of 3 days/wk training. Their subjects completed only four sets of knee extensor work per exercise bout compared with nine total sets in the present study.…”

Section: Age Differences In Resistance Training-induced Myofiber Hypementioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of 3 days/wk resistance training on myofiber hypertrophy and myogenic mechanisms in young vs. older adults

Kosek

Kim

Petrella

et al. 2006

Journal of Applied Physiology

406

330

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. Efficacy of 3 days/wk resistance training on myofiber hypertrophy and myogenic mechanisms in young vs. older adults. J Appl Physiol 101: [531][532][533][534][535][536][537][538][539][540][541][542][543][544] 2006. First published April 13, 2006; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01474.2005.-Resistance training (RT) has shown the most promise in reducing/reversing effects of sarcopenia, although the optimum regime specific for older adults remains unclear. We hypothesized myofiber hypertrophy resulting from frequent (3 days/wk, 16 wk) RT would be impaired in older (O; 60 -75 yr; 12 women, 13 men), sarcopenic adults compared with young (Y; 20 -35 yr; 11 women, 13 men) due to slowed repair/regeneration processes. Myofiber-type distribution and crosssectional area (CSA) were determined at 0 and 16 wk. Transcript and protein levels of myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) were assessed as markers of regeneration at 0 and 24 h postexercise, and after 16 wk. Only Y increased type I CSA 18% (P Ͻ 0.001). O showed smaller type IIa (Ϫ16%) and type IIx (Ϫ24%) myofibers before training (P Ͻ 0.05), with differences most notable in women. Both age groups increased type IIa (O, 16%; Y, 25%) and mean type II (O, 23%; Y, 32%) size (P Ͻ 0.05). Growth was generally most favorable in young men. Percent change scores on fiber size revealed an age ϫ gender interaction for type I fibers (P Ͻ 0.05) as growth among Y (25%) exceeded that of O (4%) men. Myogenin and myogenic differentiation factor D (MyoD) mRNAs increased (P Ͻ 0.05) in Y and O, whereas myogenic factor (myf)-5 mRNA increased in Y only (P Ͻ 0.05). Myf-6 protein increased (P Ͻ 0.05) in both Y and O. The results generally support our hypothesis as 3 days/wk training led to more robust hypertrophy in Y vs. O, particularly among men. However, this differential hypertrophy adaptation was not explained by age variation in MRF expression. sarcopenia; myogenin; MyoD; myosin heavy chain IT IS WELL ESTABLISHED THAT muscle mass declines with age (termed sarcopenia). In the knee extensors (e.g., vastus lateralis), which are important for ambulation and weight-bearing function, a 30% decrease in whole muscle size occurs between the ages of 50 and 80 yr (15,40). This whole muscle atrophy results from atrophy of type II myofibers (34) and apparent loss of both type I and type II motor units as evidence from cadaveric studies of vastus lateralis indicate the number of myofibers, regardless of fiber type, declines substantially between the sixth and eighth decades (39). In the United States, $18.5 billion of total direct health care costs in 2000 were attributable to sarcopenia (31), and this will undoubtedly increase because the percentage of American adults 65 yr and older is expected to increase from one in nine to 20% of the adult population by 2030 (National Institute on Aging statistics). Resistance training has shown the most promise among interventions aimed to decrease the effects of sarcopenia, as it enhances strength, power, and mobility function and induces varying degrees of skeletal musc...

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Muscle Size Responses to Strength Training in Young and Older Men and Women

Abstract: The results indicate that neither age nor gender affects muscle volume response to whole-body ST. Muscle volume, rather than muscle CSA, is recommended for studying muscle mass responses to ST.

Cited by 126 publications

References 26 publications

Strength, Size, and Muscle Quality in the Upper Arm following Unilateral Training in Younger and Older Males and Females

Strength, Size, and Muscle Quality in the Upper Arm following Unilateral Training in Younger and Older Males and Females

Efeito de um mês de destreinamento sobre a aptidão física relacionada à saúde em programa de mudança de estilo de vida

Efficacy of 3 days/wk resistance training on myofiber hypertrophy and myogenic mechanisms in young vs. older adults

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