Muscle satellite cells are activated after exercise to exhaustion in <scp>T</scp>horoughbred horses

Kawai, Minako; Aida, Hitoshi; Hiraga, Atsushi; Miyata, Hirofumi

doi:10.1111/evj.12010

Cited by 22 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The fiber type population was determined as previously described [ 16 ]. Serial 7 μ m cross sections of the muscle were obtained on a cryostat (CM510, Leica, Nussloch, Germany) at −20°C.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of High‐Intensity Training in Normobaric Hypoxia on Thoroughbred Skeletal Muscle

Nagahisa

Mukai

Ohmura

et al. 2016

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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Hypoxic training is believed to increase endurance capacity in association with hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a modulator of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), and to influence activation of satellite cells (SCs). However, the effect of hypoxic training on SC activation and its relation to angiogenesis has not been thoroughly investigated. Eight Thoroughbred horses were subjected to normoxic (FIO2 = 21%) or hypoxic (FIO2 = 15%) training for 3 days/week (100% truenormalV˙normalOnormal2normalmnormalanormalx) for 4 weeks. Incremental exercise tests (IET) were conducted on a treadmill under normoxia and the maximal oxygen consumption (truenormalV˙normalOnormal2normalmnormalanormalx) and running distance were measured before and after each training session. Muscle biopsy samples were obtained from the gluteus medius muscle at 6 scheduled times before, during, and one week after IET for immunohistochemical analysis and real-time RT-PCR analysis. Running distance and truenormalV˙normalOnormal2normalmnormalanormalx, measured during IET, increased significantly after hypoxic training compared with normoxic training. Capillary density and mRNA expression related to SC activation (e.g., myogenin and hepatocyte growth factor) and angiogenesis (VEGF-A) increased only after hypoxic training. These results suggest that increases in mRNA expression after training enhance and prolong SC activation and angiogenesis and that nitric oxide plays an important role in these hypoxia-induced training effects.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of High‐Intensity Training in Normobaric Hypoxia on Thoroughbred Skeletal Muscle

Nagahisa

Mukai

Ohmura

et al. 2016

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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“…Muscle fiber types were determined according to the modified method of Kawai et al [18]. Sections were air dried for 10 min and pre-incubated in 1 % normal goat serum (Sigma-Aldrich, Missouri, USA) for 10 min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulating effects of exercise training regimen on skeletal muscle properties in female polo ponies

et al. 2016

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BackgroundThe match play patterns in equestrian polo are unique and require specific training programs to ensure sport performance. The effect of commonly used exercise training regimens on the adaptation of skeletal muscle is unclear. The present study investigated the modulating effects of the classic training regimen, comprised of aerobic exercise training with increasing exercise intensities and varying duration combined with match play, on the properties of muscle in polo ponies. Nine healthy adult female polo ponies were subjected to four consecutive subsets of 1 year classic training regimen including basal activity (B), low intensity (L), low to moderate intensity (LM), and low to moderate intensity training plus match play during polo tournament (LMP), respectively. At the end of each training period, gluteus medius muscle samples were taken for determination of muscle fiber type distribution, muscle metabolic capacity, capillary density, and lipid and glycogen content. The expression profile of metabolic genes including succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), phosphofructokinase (PFK), glycogen phosphorylase (PYG), and glycogen synthase (GYS) were also measured.ResultsAmong all exercise training subsets, only LMP exercise period caused an increase in the number of oxidative fibers (type IIa), along with increases in properties related to oxidative metabolism including high capillary density, intramuscular lipid content, and expression of SDH and PYG genes, with a corresponding decrease in the number of type IIx muscle fibers.ConclusionThe combination of low to moderate and high intensity training in LMP are only sufficient to induce changes in oxidative characteristics. As the first scientific evidence providing such insight about the classic polo training regimen, the data forms a basis for further consideration in training program design.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0874-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Serial sections of the biopsy specimens were made and stained according to the immunohistochemical staining method of Kawai et al [15]. Briefly, serial 8 µ m cross sections of the muscle were obtained on a cryostat (CM510, Leica Microsystems K.K., Tokyo, Japan) at −20°C and then dried on slides.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The cells positive for both DAPI and Pax7 at the periphery of each fiber beneath the basal lamina stained with the anti-laminin were identified as satellite cells [15]. …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does the injection of platelet-rich plasma induce changes in the gene expression and morphology of intact Thoroughbred skeletal muscle?

Fukuda

Miyata

Kuwano³

et al. 2017

JES

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Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy is promising for treating skeletal muscle injuries in human athletes by promoting muscle regeneration. It might also be useful for treating muscle injuries in equine athletes. In the present study, muscle regeneration induced by injection of PRP into intact muscle of Thoroughbred was investigated. Autologous PRP and saline were injected twice into intact left and right gluteus medius muscles of seven clinically healthy Thoroughbreds. Muscle samples were collected from the injection sites by needle biopsy at 2 and 7 days after PRP injection. Immunohistochemical staining to identify the types of myosin heavy chains (MHCs) and satellite cells was performed to compare morphological changes among intact (pre-injection), saline-, and PRP-injected muscles. The expression of marker genes related to muscle regeneration (MHC-I, MHC-II, and embryonic MHC [MHC-e]), satellite cell activity (CK, Pax7, MyoD, and myogenin), and proinflammatory and promyogenic cytokines (IL-6, IGF-1, and HGF) was analyzed and compared between saline- and PRP-injected muscles. There were no obvious morphological differences among the three treatments. There were no significant differences in gene expression associated with satellite cell activity between saline and PRP injection at 7 days after injection. MHC genes showed significantly higher expression levels with PRP than with saline, including MHC-e at 2 days and MHC-I at 7 days after injection. It is suggested that injection of PRP into intact skeletal muscle does not induce specific morphological changes, but upregulate the expression of genes related to muscle regeneration.

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Muscle satellite cells are activated after exercise to exhaustion in Thoroughbred horses

Cited by 22 publications

References 23 publications

Effect of High‐Intensity Training in Normobaric Hypoxia on Thoroughbred Skeletal Muscle

Effect of High‐Intensity Training in Normobaric Hypoxia on Thoroughbred Skeletal Muscle

Modulating effects of exercise training regimen on skeletal muscle properties in female polo ponies

Does the injection of platelet-rich plasma induce changes in the gene expression and morphology of intact Thoroughbred skeletal muscle?

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