Muscle nonshivering thermogenesis in a feral mammal

Nowack, Julia; Vetter, Sebastian; Stalder, Gabrielle; Painer, Johanna; Kral, Maria; Smith, Steve; Le, Minh Hien; Jurcevic, Perica; Bieber, Claudia; Arnold, W.; Ruf, T.

doi:10.1101/377051

Cited by 7 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…However, most of what is accepted about NST has been framed around studies on eutherian mammals with BAT. Little is known so far about the operational aspects of muscle NST, although it does seem to have a similar function in newborn wild boar piglets, which lack BAT (Nowack et al ., 2019). Whether SERCA‐based heat production was a more direct contributor to endothermy in its earliest phase is unexplored so far but given its multiple occurrences in fishes (see Section III), as it may be in the deep muscle tissue of the regionally endothermic opah (Franck et al ., 2019), that is possible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, studies from several different groups have provided evidence for a role of SLN in thermogenesis and muscle metabolism (Maurya et al ., 2018; Rotter et al ., 2018; Kaspari et al ., 2020; Nicolaisen et al ., 2020; Wang et al ., 2020). Also, the case for the muscle NST hypothesis has been strengthened considerably by recent experimental work on wild boar piglets ( Sus scrofa ), eutherian mammals that lack BAT (Nowack et al ., 2019). These authors monitored an age‐related replacement of ST by NST in wild piglets, which lack BAT, and found the transition to be accompanied by an increase in T b and coincident increase in SERCA activity and the expression of both SERCA and SLN.…”

Section: How Similar Are the Molecular Mechanisms Of Muscle Nst In Bi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These authors monitored an age‐related replacement of ST by NST in wild piglets, which lack BAT, and found the transition to be accompanied by an increase in T b and coincident increase in SERCA activity and the expression of both SERCA and SLN. Within eutherian mammals, muscle NST has so far been identified in rodents, rabbits (reviewed by Nowack et al ., 2017) and wild boar (Nowack et al ., 2019) and it is assumed to be present in all mammalian species, either as a primary heat‐production mechanism or, in many eutherians (particularly small ones), in addition to the heat produced by BAT (Rowland et al ., 2015b; Nowack et al ., 2017).…”

Section: How Similar Are the Molecular Mechanisms Of Muscle Nst In Bi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Whole‐body endothermy: ancient, homologous and widespread among the ancestors of mammals, birds and crocodylians

et al. 2021

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The whole‐body (tachymetabolic) endothermy seen in modern birds and mammals is long held to have evolved independently in each group, a reasonable assumption when it was believed that its earliest appearances in birds and mammals arose many millions of years apart. That assumption is consistent with current acceptance that the non‐shivering thermogenesis (NST) component of regulatory body heat originates differently in each group: from skeletal muscle in birds and from brown adipose tissue (BAT) in mammals. However, BAT is absent in monotremes, marsupials, and many eutherians, all whole‐body endotherms. Indeed, recent research implies that BAT‐driven NST originated more recently and that the biochemical processes driving muscle NST in birds, many modern mammals and the ancestors of both may be similar, deriving from controlled ‘slippage’ of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+‐ATPase (SERCA) in skeletal muscle, similar to a process seen in some fishes. This similarity prompted our realisation that the capacity for whole‐body endothermy could even have pre‐dated the divergence of Amniota into Synapsida and Sauropsida, leading us to hypothesise the homology of whole‐body endothermy in birds and mammals, in contrast to the current assumption of their independent (convergent) evolution. To explore the extent of similarity between muscle NST in mammals and birds we undertook a detailed review of these processes and their control in each group. We found considerable but not complete similarity between them: in extant mammals the ‘slippage’ is controlled by the protein sarcolipin (SLN), in birds the SLN is slightly different structurally and its role in NST is not yet proved. However, considering the multi‐millions of years since the separation of synapsids and diapsids, we consider that the similarity between NST production in birds and mammals is consistent with their whole‐body endothermy being homologous. If so, we should expect to find evidence for it much earlier and more widespread among extinct amniotes than is currently recognised. Accordingly, we conducted an extensive survey of the palaeontological literature using established proxies. Fossil bone histology reveals evidence of sustained rapid growth rates indicating tachymetabolism. Large body size and erect stature indicate high systemic arterial blood pressures and four‐chambered hearts, characteristic of tachymetabolism. Large nutrient foramina in long bones are indicative of high bone perfusion for rapid somatic growth and for repair of microfractures caused by intense locomotion. Obligate bipedality appeared early and only in whole‐body endotherms. Isotopic profiles of fossil material indicate endothermic levels of body temperature. These proxies led us to compelling evidence for the widespread occurrence of whole‐body endothermy among numerous extinct synapsids and sauropsids, and very early in each clade's family tree. These results are consistent with and support our hypothesis that tachymetabolic endothermy is plesiomorphic in Amniota. ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: How Similar Are the Molecular Mechanisms Of Muscle Nst In Bi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: How Similar Are the Molecular Mechanisms Of Muscle Nst In Bi...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Whole‐body endothermy: ancient, homologous and widespread among the ancestors of mammals, birds and crocodylians

et al. 2021

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“…www.nature.com/scientificreports www.nature.com/scientificreports/ shown for new-born wild boars 24 . Nevertheless, the proportions of light juveniles and LAJ females generally increased under favourable conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, a high summer survival of 95% was assumed for yearlings and adults. Further, smaller individuals are more susceptible to cold temperatures because of a lower body surface to volume ratio and the resulting higher energy demands for thermoregulation 23,24 . It therefore seems plausible that LJ have lower survival rates than HJ.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How climate change and wildlife management affect population structure in wild boars

Vetter

Puskas

Bieber

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Global climate change affects many species and contributes to the exceptional population growth of wild boar populations and thus to increasing human-wildlife conflicts. To investigate the impact of climate change on wild boar populations we extended existing models on population dynamics. We included for the first time different juvenile conditions to account for long-lasting effects of juvenile body mass on adult body mass and reproductive success. Our analysis shows that incorporating phenotypes, like body mass differences within age classes, has strong effects on projected population growth rates, population structures and the relative importance of certain vital rates. Our models indicated that an increase in winter temperatures and food availability will cause a decrease in mean body mass and litter size within Central European wild boar populations. We further analysed different hunting regimes to identify their effects on the population structure as well as their efficiency in limiting population growth. While targeting juveniles had the lowest effect on population structure, such strategies are, however, rather ineffective. In contrast, culling predominantly yearlings seems very effective. Despite being equally effective, only focusing on adults will not result in a reduction of population size due to their low proportion within populations. Climate change affects population growth as well as demography and population structure in various species e.g. 1-4. While many species decline in abundance and distribution others cope well with climate change and thrive 1,5,6. The latter typically reach high population densities, expand their distribution range and thus might cause severe human-wildlife conflictssuch as agricultural damage, the spread of diseases, negative effects on other species, or an increased risk of traffic collisions 7. The wild boar Sus scrofais among the clear winners of global climate change. The tremendous growth of wild boar populations over the past decades could already be linked to improvements in food availability and winter weather conditions caused by climate change 8-13. Apart from a few regions, negative effects like density dependence or increasingly hotter summers are unlikely to noticeably limit this growth in the near future 13. With ongoing climate change, the current population growth is therefore likely to continue or even to accelerate. Wild boars have a tremendous reproductive potential with one sow being able to give birth to up to 14 offspring in a single litter 14-17. At the same time reproduction is also highly variable in wild boar with respect to litter size and also offspring body mass can vary strongly between years, within years, and even within litters 14,17-19. Juvenile body mass, however, affects adult body mass and reproductive success in wild boar, as in other ungulates 20,21. In previous models of wild boar population dynamics these long-lasting effects of juvenile body mass have not been considered 14,16,22. Especially smaller juveniles, which have high ...

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Thermoregulation in the wild boar (Sus scrofa)

Ruf,

Vetter,

Painer-Gigler

et al. 2023

J Comp Physiol B

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The wild boar (Sus scrofa) originates from warm islands but now inhabits large areas of the world, with Antarctica as the only continent not inhabited by this species. One might be tempted to think that its wide distribution results from increasing environmental temperatures. However, any effect of temperature is only indirect: Abundant availability of critical food resources can fully compensate the negative effects of cold winters on population growth. Here, we asked if temperature as a habitat factor is unimportant compared with other habitat indices, simply because wild boars are excellent thermoregulators. We found that the thermoneutral zone in summer was approximately 6–24 °C. In winter, the thermoneutral zone was lowered to 0–7 °C. The estimated increase in the heart rate and energy expenditure in the cold was less than 30% per 10 °C temperature decline. This relatively small increase of energy expenditure during cold exposure places the wild boar in the realm of arctic animals, such as the polar bear, whereas tropical mammals raise their energy expenditure several fold. The response of wild boars to high Ta was weak across all seasons. In the heat, wild boars avoid close contact to conspecifics and particularly use wallowing in mud or other wet substrates to cool and prevent hyperthermia. Wild boars also rely on daily cycles, especially of rhythms in subcutaneous temperature that enables them to cheaply build large core–shell gradients, which serve to lower heat loss. We argue it is predominantly this ability which allowed wild boars to inhabit most climatically diverse areas in the world.

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Muscle nonshivering thermogenesis in a feral mammal

Cited by 7 publications

References 57 publications

Whole‐body endothermy: ancient, homologous and widespread among the ancestors of mammals, birds and crocodylians

Whole‐body endothermy: ancient, homologous and widespread among the ancestors of mammals, birds and crocodylians

How climate change and wildlife management affect population structure in wild boars

Thermoregulation in the wild boar (Sus scrofa)

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