Muscle moment arm analyses applied to vertebrate paleontology: a case study using<i>Stegosaurus stenops</i>Marsh, 1887

Brassey, Charlotte A.; Maidment, Susannah C. R.; Barrett, Paul M.

doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1361432

Cited by 27 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 167 publications

(204 reference statements)

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“…Regardless of this though, it is important to keep in mind that a degree of subjectivity remains present in all musculoskeletal modeling studies (Hutchinson et al, 2005;Bates and Schachner, 2012;Bates et al, 2012aBates et al, , 2012bHutchinson et al, 2015;Brassey et al, 2017). This means that caution is still warranted when drawing conclusions based on moment arm results (Hutchinson, 2012;Brassey et al, 2017). Muscle architecture and size may be more effective predictors of locomotor performance than moment arm data (Bates and Schachner, 2012;Hutchinson et al, 2015).…”

Section: Sensitivity Analysis Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three‐Dimensional Musculoskeletal Modeling of the Sauropodomorph Hind Limb: The Effect of Postural Change on Muscle Leverage

Klinkhamer

Mallison

Poropat

et al. 2018

The Anatomical Record

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The biomechanical constraints for life at massive size can be directly observed in the evolutionary history of sauropodomorph dinosaurs. Members of this lineage underwent a number of major postural transitions as they increased in size from relatively small bipedal dinosaurs to massive titanosaurs that include the largest terrestrial animals of all time. To better understand the impact of gigantic size on the biomechanics of sauropods, we used three‐dimensional musculoskeletal modeling to investigate how hind limb musculature was affected, first by the development of a quadrupedal stance from a bipedal one, and later in the transition from a narrow‐gauge to a wide‐gauge stance. Muscle moment arms were measured in four sauropodomorph taxa: the bipedal basal sauropodomorph Plateosaurus engelhardti, the narrow‐gauge diplodocid Diplodocus carnegii, the titanosauriform Giraffatitan brancai, and the wide‐gauge titanosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae. In Plateosaurus, low moment arm leverage in the hip extensors and knee flexors and extensors was observed suggesting high‐velocity movement for fast locomotion. A reduction in hip extensor leverage in Diamantinasaurus was found which suggests a reduced role for the hind limb in forward propulsion in titanosaurs. An increase in overall hip adductor leverage and leverage of adductors 1 and 2 in Diamantinasaurus, compared with other taxa studied, might relate to the development of a wide‐gauge stance. High knee flexor–extensor leverage in Giraffatitan but not Diamantinasaurus partially refutes the idea that broader femoral condyles in titanosauriforms increased knee torque production capabilities. Sauropodomorph postural changes clearly had an impact on the function and leverage of hind limb muscles. Anat Rec, 301:2145–2163, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Sensitivity Analysis Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three‐Dimensional Musculoskeletal Modeling of the Sauropodomorph Hind Limb: The Effect of Postural Change on Muscle Leverage

Klinkhamer

Mallison

Poropat

et al. 2018

The Anatomical Record

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“…Given the likely sizeable quantities of cartilage and menisci in the knee joint of extinct, non-avian theropods ( Bonnan et al, 2010 , 2013 ), and the fact that the present study needed to be wholly consistent with any modelling limitations inherent to non-avian theropods, it was felt that this representation of the knee would be more reliable than a strictly objective, geometry-based definition of the joint axis ( Brassey, Maidment & Barrett, 2017 ; Hutchinson et al, 2005 , 2008 ; although these studies did include space for soft tissues). This is because such a definition is only based on the available bony geometry, which may not fully reflect the actual range of possible joint movement.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cancellous bone and theropod dinosaur locomotion. Part II—a new approach to inferring posture and locomotor biomechanics in extinct tetrapod vertebrates

Bishop

Hocknull

Clemente

et al. 2018

PeerJ

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This paper is the second of a three-part series that investigates the architecture of cancellous bone in the main hindlimb bones of theropod dinosaurs, and uses cancellous bone architectural patterns to infer locomotor biomechanics in extinct non-avian species. Cancellous bone is widely known to be highly sensitive to its mechanical environment, and therefore has the potential to provide insight into locomotor biomechanics in extinct tetrapod vertebrates such as dinosaurs. Here in Part II, a new biomechanical modelling approach is outlined, one which mechanistically links cancellous bone architectural patterns with three-dimensional musculoskeletal and finite element modelling of the hindlimb. In particular, the architecture of cancellous bone is used to derive a single ‘characteristic posture’ for a given species—one in which bone continuum-level principal stresses best align with cancellous bone fabric—and thereby clarify hindlimb locomotor biomechanics. The quasi-static approach was validated for an extant theropod, the chicken, and is shown to provide a good estimate of limb posture at around mid-stance. It also provides reasonable predictions of bone loading mechanics, especially for the proximal hindlimb, and also provides a broadly accurate assessment of muscle recruitment insofar as limb stabilization is concerned. In addition to being useful for better understanding locomotor biomechanics in extant species, the approach hence provides a new avenue by which to analyse, test and refine palaeobiomechanical hypotheses, not just for extinct theropods, but potentially many other extinct tetrapod groups as well.

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“…Here, MTU paths in OpenSim were created to run between the approximate centroids of origin and insertion. As in many previous studies of extinct archosaurs (Hutchinson et al 2005(Hutchinson et al , 2008Bates and Schachner 2012;Bates et al 2012a,b;Brassey et al 2017;Otero et al 2017;Sellers et al 2017;Bishop et al 2018c;Bishop 2019), these paths were constrained to follow anatomically realistic lines of action across the full ROM of each joint, using a combination of "via points" and "wrapping surfaces." Representative examples of these in the Coelophysis model are illustrated in Figure 6.…”

Section: Musculoskeletal Modeling In Extinct Animals 13mentioning

confidence: 99%

How to build a dinosaur: Musculoskeletal modeling and simulation of locomotor biomechanics in extinct animals

Bishop

Cuff

Hutchinson³

2020

Paleobiology

219

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The intersection of paleontology and biomechanics can be reciprocally illuminating, helping to improve paleobiological knowledge of extinct species and furthering our understanding of the generality of biomechanical principles derived from study of extant species. However, working with data gleaned primarily from the fossil record has its challenges. Building on decades of prior research, we outline and critically discuss a complete workflow for biomechanical analysis of extinct species, using locomotor biomechanics in the Triassic theropod dinosaur Coelophysis as a case study. We progress from the digital capture of fossil bone morphology to creating rigged skeletal models, to reconstructing musculature and soft tissue volumes, to the development of computational musculoskeletal models, and finally to the execution of biomechanical simulations. Using a three-dimensional musculoskeletal model comprising 33 muscles, a static inverse simulation of the mid-stance of running shows that Coelophysis probably used more upright (extended) hindlimb postures and was likely capable of withstanding a vertical ground reaction force of magnitude more than 2.5 times body weight. We identify muscle force-generating capacity as a key source of uncertainty in the simulations, highlighting the need for more refined methods of estimating intrinsic muscle parameters such as fiber length. Our approach emphasizes the explicit application of quantitative techniques and physics-based principles, which helps maximize results robustness and reproducibility. Although we focus on one specific taxon and question, many of the techniques and philosophies explored here have much generality to them, so they can be applied in biomechanical investigation of other extinct organisms.

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Muscle moment arm analyses applied to vertebrate paleontology: a case study usingStegosaurus stenopsMarsh, 1887

Cited by 27 publications

References 167 publications

Three‐Dimensional Musculoskeletal Modeling of the Sauropodomorph Hind Limb: The Effect of Postural Change on Muscle Leverage

Three‐Dimensional Musculoskeletal Modeling of the Sauropodomorph Hind Limb: The Effect of Postural Change on Muscle Leverage

Cancellous bone and theropod dinosaur locomotion. Part II—a new approach to inferring posture and locomotor biomechanics in extinct tetrapod vertebrates

How to build a dinosaur: Musculoskeletal modeling and simulation of locomotor biomechanics in extinct animals

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